"Artificial Kidneys" Do Not Function in All Respects Like a Natural

"Artificial kidneys" do not function in all respects like a natural kidney. What is one inherent problem and what is its practical solution?

A) Artificial systems are less efficient; run the artificial kidney 24 hours a day.
B) Artificial kidneys are complex and must be operated at hospitals; train home care nurses.
C) Dialysis uses passive diffusion and some kidney functions require selective active transport; restrict diet to limit the variety of waste molecules.
D) Artificial kidneys treat the blood directly, requiring IV tubing, etc.; invent an alternative to avoid the bloodstream.
E) Blood coagulates any time it leaves the body; dilute the blood.

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