Exam 9: B--Cardiac Physiology

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. Which structures are closed during ventricular ejection? a. 1and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 1,2,3 and 4 e. only 3 and 4

List the following in the correct order of their occurrence within the ST segment on the ECG: ventricular ejection begins, lub sound, opening of semilunar valves, period of isovolumetric contraction, closing of AV valves, ventricular systole begins.

Describe how contractile cells are able to contract rapidly but are not likely to experience tetanus. Include the following terms in your

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. Identify the location(s) where fast calcium channels are open. a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 3 and 4 e. 4 only

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. Which structures have oxygenated blood flowing through them? a. 1and 2 b. 4 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 2 and 4 e. 3,4 and 5

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. Which structures are open during isovolumetric relaxation? a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 4 d. 1,2,3, and 4 e. none of thess

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. The structure labeled B a. allows blood to pass into the ventricle b. has de oxygenated blood flowing past it c. is conne cted to chordae tendineae d. all of these e. none of these

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. Identify the location(s) that indicates when fast calcium channels open within the cell. a. 1 b. 2 and 3 c. 2, 3, and 4 d. 1 and 4 e. There are no fast calcium channels in these cells.

Describe the mechanisms involved by which the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems affect cardiac output. Include ACh, NE, regulated K⁺ channels, I_f channels and T-type Ca²⁺ channels, vagus nerve, cardiac nerves, contractility, stroke volume, and heart rate in your answer.

Describe the generation of pacemaker action potentials and then track the resulting impulse through the cardiac conduction system. Include the names of specific types of channels in the first part of your answer.

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. This graph shows the electrical activity for one of the heart's a. Purkinje fibers b. pacemaker cells c. contractile cells d. ventricular cells e. pacemaker and ventricular cells

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. Identify the location(s) where voltage-gated potassium channels are open. a. 1 only b. only between 2 and 3 c. only between 3 and 4 d. 2, 3, and 4 e. only when the membrane potential is above threshold

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. Identify the location(s) where fast calcium channels are open. a. 1 and 2 b. 1 and 3 c. 2 and 3 d. 3 and 4 e. 4 only

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. This graph shows the electrical activity for one of the heart's a. contractile cells b. pacemaker cells c. autorhythmic cells d. contractile and autorhythmic cells e. pacemaker and autorhythmic cells

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. Identify the location(s) where the cell's permeability to Na⁺ is the greatest. a. between 1 and 2 b. between 2 and 3 c. between 2 and 4 d. between 3 and 4 e. 4 only

Use this figure to answer the corresponding questions. Identify the location(s) where slow calcium channels are open. a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 c. 3 only d. 3 and 4 e. These cells do not have slow calcium channels.

Use the answer code below to complete the following statements. 1. Stroke volume can be increased by increasing \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ cardiac output \_\_\_\_ 2. The maximum volume of blood that the ventricle contains after filling is complete is stroke volume and heart the \_\_\_\_ rate \_\_\_\_ 3. The volume of blood ejected by each ventricle each minute is known as the \_\_\_\_ stroke volume \_\_\_\_ 4. The volume of blood ejected by each end-diastolic volume and ventricle each beat is known as the \_\_\_\_ end-systolic volume \_\_\_\_ 5. The number of times the heart contracts each minute is the \_\_\_\_ end-diastolic volume \_\_\_\_ 6. The two main determinants of cardiac output are \_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_ end-systolic volume \_\_\_\_ 7. The minimum volume of blood that the ventricle contains after emptying is complete end-diastolic volume and is the \_\_\_\_ sympathetic activity \_\_\_\_ 8. Heart rate can be increased by increasing \_\_\_\_ heart rate \_\_\_\_ 9. The stroke volume may be calculated by \_\_\_\_ minus \_\_\_\_ sympathetic activity \_\_\_\_

Describe the way in which high blood pressure and a defective semilunar valve can make it more difficult for the heart to pump blood into the systemic circulation and how these factors can decrease cardiac output. Include the following in your