Question 1

Ludwig Wittgenstein
-In comparing language to games,Wittgenstein argues that

Accepted Answer

A) there is no one rule that applies to all uses of language. 
B) there are "winners and losers" in communication. 
C) the use of a word is always "regulated" by the rules of a particular language game. 
D) just as the concept "game" must be clearly defined to be meaningful,so also must "language game."

Question 2

Immanuel Kant
-Metaphysics is only possible if we can gain knowledge from statements which are

Accepted Answer

A) analytical a priori. 
B) synthetic a posteriori. 
C) synthetic a priori. 
D) None of the above: metaphysics is never possible.

Question 3

Augustine
-The will chooses evil because

Accepted Answer

A) God has predestined it so. 
B) it has no reason,it just does. 
C) evil is more attractive than good. 
D) the will is evil.

Question 4

George Berkeley
-Philonous hopes that immaterialism will end atheism because

Accepted Answer

A) atheism is merely an idea which is illusory. 
B) atheists will not be able to use matter to explain how the universe came to be and continues to be. 
C) the belief in minds and ideas is contrary to atheism. 
D) atheism can only exist if primary and secondary qualities are proven to represent objects in the world.

Question 5

Immanuel Kant
-Kant believes that talk about metaphysics is only possible if

Accepted Answer

A) we acknowledge that we can never truly know anything,since all knowledge is based on uncertain experience. 
B) we get past confusing philosophical jargon and use common sense. 
C) we can justify concepts like cause and effect without an appeal to our senses. 
D) we acknowledge that matter as a physical,senseless substance apart from our perceptions of it is non-existent.

Question 6

Pyrrho and Sextus Empiricus 
-Skepticism,is defined by Sextus Epiricus as

Accepted Answer

A) an ability,or mental attitude,which opposes appearances to judgments in any way whatsoever. 
B) a critical attitude toward one's physical or mental capacity. 
C) a reserved acceptance of certain claims or propositions about the world. 
D) a state of awe or shock.

Question 7

Blaise Pascal
-Pascal views human beings as

Accepted Answer

A) naturally divine. 
B) valuable because of our reason. 
C) totally evil and depraved. 
D) able to perfect ourselves and become like God.

Question 8

Bertrand Russell
-The chief value of philosophy,says Russell,is

Accepted Answer

A) the freedom from narrowness which results from philosophic contemplation. 
B) its ability to overcome uncertainty. 
C) the knowledge we gain is ultimately knowledge of God. 
D) the utility it brings to "practical men" when used properly.

Question 9

John Locke
-Berkeley and Locke are debating the nature of solidity."Solidity is all illusory," says Berkeley,dismissively.Locke would most likely counter him by

Accepted Answer

A) explaining how all knowledge come from sensations. 
B) arguing that belief in God necessitates that our perceptions are not false. 
C) admitting perception of secondary qualities may be inaccurate,but primary qualities,like extension are certain. 
D) throwing a football at his head.

Question 10

John Stuart Mill
-In response to the accusation that utilitarianism is godless,Mill argues that if God desires happiness for creatures,then

Accepted Answer

A) it is our duty to act according to God's wishes and make God's creatures happy. 
B) utilitarianism best achieves universal happiness. 
C) God would have made them happy and there would be no need for utilitarianism. 
D) human laws must determine what will make God's creatures happy.

Question 11

Friedrich Nietzsche
-In his analysis of Socrates,Nietzsche concludes that Socrates was

Accepted Answer

A) mistaken in his insistence on dying for the sake of reason. 
B) the champion of Apollonian and Dionysian impulses to his death. 
C) a highly moral man with no sin in him. 
D) an immoral man who deserved his fate.

Question 12

Friedrich Nietzsche
-Pity,according to Nietzsche,is one of the worst traits of Christians because

Accepted Answer

A) the doctrine of pity runs counter to nihilism,and Nietzsche is a nihilist. 
B) pity makes people seek good for others,which denies people their essential non-beingness. 
C) pity protects that which is miserable and weak. 
D) pity is a means of giving some people power over others,and all people should be equal.

Question 13

David Hume
-Philosophers associate ideas based on all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A) resemblance. 
B) contiguity. 
C) cause and effect. 
D) relation of ideas.

Question 14

THOMAS AQUINAS 
-Given that God's eternal law manifests itself in both divine (Biblical)law and Natural Law,Thomas believes that human laws

Accepted Answer

A) ought to direct all human activities to be in accordance with divine and natural laws. 
B) ought to be determined by a group of wise clergy and scientists. 
C) ought to be based on both for the sake of peace and order. 
D) will always be divided between adhering to divine law or its opposite,natural law.

Question 15

Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-What is the "double relation" of individuals to the society under the social contract?

Accepted Answer

A) They are both rulers and subjects. 
B) They enjoy protection,but not freedom. 
C) They are both part of society and are still in the state of nature. 
D) They are both free and bound to the social contract.

Question 16

Hildegard of Bingen
-What is the difference between the intellect and the will?

Accepted Answer

A) The intellect contemplates the differences between actions and chooses between actions whereas the will does the action. 
B) The intellect is concerned only with ideas,and the will is concerned only with actions. 
C) The intellect is part of the soul while the will is part of the body. 
D) The intellect always chooses good while the will sometimes chooses evil.

Question 17

Socrates and Plato 
-A society ought to be governed by philosophers because only philosophers

Accepted Answer

A) know how to trick the common people into following the laws of the community. 
B) have sufficiently examined the various political structures of Greece. 
C) do not value political power. 
D) have no passions or appetites.

Question 18

Gottfried Leibniz
-In explaining the relation between body and soul,Leibniz thinks that life after death is certain because

Accepted Answer

A) only the soul really exists. 
B) God has ordained the soul and body to go on living in another world when God first created them. 
C) souls can be resurrected after they die. 
D) the soul is not attached to the body in any way and so is not affected by its death.

Question 19

Immanuel Kant
-Kant hopes that metaphysics can be made into an accurate science by

Accepted Answer

A) subjecting all ideas on metaphysics to common sense. 
B) making the study of the noumenal world the basis for the study of metaphysics. 
C) investigating all metaphysical statements for certain propositions. 
D) None of the above,metaphysics by definition cannot be a science.

Question 20

Karl Marx
-According to Marx "mankind only takes on the problems that it can solve." What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

A) Mankind only recognizes economic problems when a solution becomes apparent. 
B) Mankind cannot solve any difficult economic problems. 
C) Mankind is fundamentally lazy. 
D) Mankind does not evolve in the face of new challenges.

Exam 1: Ancient Greek Philosophy

Ludwig Wittgenstein -In comparing language to games,Wittgenstein argues that

Immanuel Kant -Metaphysics is only possible if we can gain knowledge from statements which are

Augustine -The will chooses evil because

George Berkeley -Philonous hopes that immaterialism will end atheism because

Immanuel Kant -Kant believes that talk about metaphysics is only possible if

Pyrrho and Sextus Empiricus -Skepticism,is defined by Sextus Epiricus as

Blaise Pascal -Pascal views human beings as

Bertrand Russell -The chief value of philosophy,says Russell,is

John Locke -Berkeley and Locke are debating the nature of solidity."Solidity is all illusory," says Berkeley,dismissively.Locke would most likely counter him by

John Stuart Mill -In response to the accusation that utilitarianism is godless,Mill argues that if God desires happiness for creatures,then

Friedrich Nietzsche -In his analysis of Socrates,Nietzsche concludes that Socrates was

Friedrich Nietzsche -Pity,according to Nietzsche,is one of the worst traits of Christians because

David Hume -Philosophers associate ideas based on all of the following except

THOMAS AQUINAS -Given that God's eternal law manifests itself in both divine (Biblical) law and Natural Law,Thomas believes that human laws

Jean-Jacques Rousseau -What is the "double relation" of individuals to the society under the social contract?

Hildegard of Bingen -What is the difference between the intellect and the will?

Socrates and Plato -A society ought to be governed by philosophers because only philosophers

Gottfried Leibniz -In explaining the relation between body and soul,Leibniz thinks that life after death is certain because

Immanuel Kant -Kant hopes that metaphysics can be made into an accurate science by

Karl Marx -According to Marx "mankind only takes on the problems that it can solve." What does this mean?