Question 1

David Hume
-Hume concludes his Enquiry with a famous call to

Accepted Answer

A) doubt everything until one reaches a certain foundation from which knowledge can be built. 
B) doubt everything except what God makes clear to us,because God is no deceiver. 
C) believe nothing,because nothing is proven. 
D) doubt everything which is not based on matters of fact or mathematical reasoning.

Question 2

Anselm (and Gaunilo)
-Anselm's ontological argument and Gaunilo's Lost Island Argument pertain to different issues,but are structured in the same way.How can the Lost Island Argument,according to Gaunilo,illustrate that Anselm's ontological argument-which is structured with the same logic- is flawed?

Accepted Answer

A) It proves at least one of Anselm's premises false. 
B) It proves true a case-the existence of the Lost Island-that is actually false. 
C) A and B 
D) None of the above

Question 3

Epicurus 
-In contrast to Plato's view of justice,Epicurus holds that

Accepted Answer

A) justice does not lead to pleasure. 
B) justice is the will of the stronger. 
C) justice is oppressive and hence does not give pleasure. 
D) the abstract concept of justice is meaningless.

Question 4

George Berkeley
-In setting aside theory and really contemplating the beauties of the world,Philonous ironically concludes

Accepted Answer

A) all these wonders do,in fact,have real,material existence. 
B) this beautiful world is a false illusion. 
C) the wide world exists only in his little mind. 
D) no one could doubt that this world really exists.

Question 5

William James
-James uses his pragmatic method in order to figure out whether or not a question is idle or serious.Idle questions,but not serious questions,

Accepted Answer

A) are of immense spiritual significance. 
B) assume that we do not have free will. 
C) are a subject of never ending dispute. 
D) are of little significance.

Question 6

Socrates and Plato 
-Socrates argues that piety and what is pleasing to the gods are

Accepted Answer

A) essentially the same thing. 
B) experientially the same thing. 
C) practically the same thing. 
D) different things.

Question 7

Martin Heidegger
-Heidegger sees a spiritual decline of the earth that

Accepted Answer

A) is so advanced that soon it may not be possible to even see the decline. 
B) can only be saved by the technology of Russia and America. 
C) can best be described in terms of optimism and pessimism. 
D) was caused by Nietzsche.

Question 8

John Locke
-In regards to innate principles in the mind,Locke says

Accepted Answer

A) they do not exist,because knowledge only comes from the senses. 
B) they are proved because so many different people agree the same principles. 
C) without innate principles,one cannot account for morality. 
D) they must be developed in children and people with mental problems.

Question 9

Baruch Spinoza
-Humans believe that there is evil in the world because

Accepted Answer

A) evil exists as modes of God's infinite nature,which contains both good and evil. 
B) humans do not choose divine will and so create evil themselves. 
C) they are ignorant that God made everything good. 
D) humans do not think there is evil at all.

Question 10

Immanuel Kant
-A pure moral philosophy must be founded on___________ in order to be valid.

Accepted Answer

A) empirical knowledge of the world 
B) a commonly held idea of duty 
C) a community's needs and desires 
D) God's law as set down in scripture

Question 11

Jean-Paul Sartre
-Sartre claims that all existentialists agree that "existence precedes essence," which means

Accepted Answer

A) the existence of God or of matter precedes human meaning. 
B) all things start as matter and take on form as a secondary nature 
C) human nature evolved after people did. 
D) people come into the world without any given meaning.

Question 12

René Descartes
-The fact that God exists means that Descartes can be sure of

Accepted Answer

A) all of his thoughts being correct. 
B) only his pure and holy thoughts being correct. 
C) only his logically reached conclusions being correct. 
D) the truth of the opinions he had formerly rejected.

Question 13

John Stuart Mill
-According to Mill some philosophers believe that right and wrong can be directly intuited using one's conscience.Let us call these philosophers intuitionists.Which of the following statement would an intuitionist agree with?

Accepted Answer

A) Our conscience can tell us directly whether or not a particular action is the morally right action to do. 
B) Our conscience informs us of general principles that we then apply to specific situations. 
C) What is right and what is wrong can be sense perceived. 
D) There is no single morally right action in any circumstance.

Question 14

Gottfried Leibniz
-Soul and spirit monads are alike in that

Accepted Answer

A) their memory links their perceptions,so that they are capable of knowledge. 
B) they are self-aware and can reflect on perceptions. 
C) they are always linked with a cluster of soul/spirit monads. 
D) they contain only perception,not appetition.

Question 15

G.W.F. Hegel
-To have self-consciousness of the self as a self one must begin with

Accepted Answer

A) knowledge of one's own concrete existence. 
B) knowledge of one's own objective way of being. 
C) the exclusion of everything other than the self. 
D) consciousness of the other.

Question 16

David Hume
-When Hume talks about necessity,he means

Accepted Answer

A) "a" follows from "b." 
B) "a" has always occurred after "b." 
C) "a" and "b" are alike. 
D) "a" must follow "b."

Question 17

Immanuel Kant
-According to Kant,a priori "intuitions" are possible because

Accepted Answer

A) intuitions exist only in the mind apart from reason and perception. 
B) intuitions are what the mind immediately knows prior to thought. 
C) intuitions are logical arguments and proofs which are true by definition. 
D) they are not possible,because intuitions are always based on a posteriori experience.

Question 18

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
-Contrary to medieval scholars understanding of the "Chain of Being," Pico believes

Accepted Answer

A) God is not the head of the chain. 
B) the "Chain of Being" is an excuse for oppressive,hierarchical government. 
C) humans are not born with a place on the "Chain of Being." 
D) though people are part of the "Chain of Being" for creation,within that chain,they are all equal.

Question 19

Aristotle 
-Of any living thing we can properly say

Accepted Answer

A) its soul is the function of its body. 
B) if it is a human,then it has a soul 
C) the soul can exist apart from the body only in the heavens 
D) the soul is a potential brought to fulfillment by a body

Question 20

What is Hegel's attitude towards the ideas that are contained in the history of philosophy?

Accepted Answer

A) They are largely worthless and without merit. 
B) The entire goal of philosophy is to get back to the ideas that the ancients believed. 
C) The history of philosophy was necessary and led to the final triumph of philosophy in Hegel's own day. 
D) The study of the history of philosophy is a pleasant diversion but nothing more.

Exam 1: Ancient Greek Philosophy

David Hume -Hume concludes his Enquiry with a famous call to

Epicurus -In contrast to Plato's view of justice,Epicurus holds that

George Berkeley -In setting aside theory and really contemplating the beauties of the world,Philonous ironically concludes

William James -James uses his pragmatic method in order to figure out whether or not a question is idle or serious.Idle questions,but not serious questions,

Socrates and Plato -Socrates argues that piety and what is pleasing to the gods are

Martin Heidegger -Heidegger sees a spiritual decline of the earth that

John Locke -In regards to innate principles in the mind,Locke says

Baruch Spinoza -Humans believe that there is evil in the world because

Immanuel Kant -A pure moral philosophy must be founded on___________ in order to be valid.

Jean-Paul Sartre -Sartre claims that all existentialists agree that "existence precedes essence," which means

René Descartes -The fact that God exists means that Descartes can be sure of

John Stuart Mill -According to Mill some philosophers believe that right and wrong can be directly intuited using one's conscience.Let us call these philosophers intuitionists.Which of the following statement would an intuitionist agree with?

Gottfried Leibniz -Soul and spirit monads are alike in that

G.W.F. Hegel -To have self-consciousness of the self as a self one must begin with

David Hume -When Hume talks about necessity,he means

Immanuel Kant -According to Kant,a priori "intuitions" are possible because

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola -Contrary to medieval scholars understanding of the "Chain of Being," Pico believes

Aristotle -Of any living thing we can properly say

What is Hegel's attitude towards the ideas that are contained in the history of philosophy?