Question 1

Socrates and Plato 
-The purpose for the guardian's lifestyle standards is to

Accepted Answer

A) make the common people work to achieve similar privileges. 
B) keep them from taking the law too seriously. 
C) teach the guardians to govern the people severely. 
D) keep them from being corrupted by the desire for money and power.

Question 2

Socrates and Plato 
-Which of the following is not an argument that Crito employs in his attempt to convince Socrates to flee Athens?

Accepted Answer

A) Everyone in Athens wants him dead. 
B) The nearby cities would be honored to take him in. 
C) Allowing himself to be executed is morally wrong. 
D) If Socrates dies,his friends would miss him and they would be subject to public criticism.

Question 3

Boethius 
-According to "Philosophy," divine foreknowledge

Accepted Answer

A) means that humans really have no choice. 
B) is logically impossible. 
C) does not disturb the nature of things. 
D) led Boethius to jail.

Question 4

Aristotle 
-Thinking is related to perceiving in that thinking

Accepted Answer

A) increases when we are strongly stimulated just as our ability to perceive increases after our sense organs are strongly stimulated. 
B) is about universals while perceiving is about particulars. 
C) is done in the brain while perceiving is done in the sense organs. 
D) is about what is thinkable as perceiving is about what is sensible.

Question 5

John Stuart Mill
-In the end,all morality is actually based on

Accepted Answer

A) the human conscience. 
B) an objective moral standard. 
C) the good of the community. 
D) human desires.

Question 6

David Hume
-If causality is not a certain principle,then our only knowledge comes from

Accepted Answer

A) that knowledge which is firmly based on undoubted principles. 
B) inferences based on custom. 
C) innate ideas. 
D) nothing.We can have no knowledge at all.

Question 7

Epictetus 
-If you don't like your role in life,you should

Accepted Answer

A) play the role as best you can anyway. 
B) change the role by your choices. 
C) look forward to your role in the next life. 
D) petition the gods to change your life.

Question 8

Ludwig Wittgenstein
-When Wittgenstein says "A picture is a model of reality," he means

Accepted Answer

A) the elements of language are to a state of affairs as the elements of a picture are to the world being pictured. 
B) artists are the closest to reality. 
C) language tells nothing about a state of affairs,only drawings do. 
D) just as a picture must picture its pictorial form,so also language must speak about its linguistic form.

Question 9

Immanuel Kant
-According to Kant,the laws of nature

Accepted Answer

A) do not exist. 
B) are intuited by the mind just like the rest of nature. 
C) exist in our minds and we apply them to construct nature as we experience it. 
D) are abstracted from the judgments we make about nature.

Question 10

Karl Marx
-According to Marx,the current rule of the bourgeoisie is more exploitive than previous classes because

Accepted Answer

A) it has superior technology. 
B) it keeps other nations from taking part in the capitalist market. 
C) there is not enough commerce and industry to go around. 
D) None of the above the bourgeoisie is no different than any of the previous classes with power.

Question 11

W.E.B. Dubois
-All of the following are difficulties that recently freed black people had in Dubois' day except:

Accepted Answer

A) Poverty 
B) Ignorance due to a lack of education. 
C) The stigma of a decayed family structure. 
D) Premature dispersion throughout white society.

Question 12

Jean-Jacques Rousseau
-Under the social contract,if an individual's will goes against the general will,what is to be done,according to Rousseau?

Accepted Answer

A) The general will must be reconsidered and the individual's will taken into account. 
B) The individual is released from the social contract. 
C) The individual will be forced to comply with the general will. 
D) None of the above.

Question 13

John Locke
-In the end,Locke concludes that our senses are

Accepted Answer

A) certain because we know God won't deceive us. 
B) uncertain,but we trust them because of the witness of memory and of other people. 
C) uncertain because we can't trust anything that has deceived us even once. 
D) certain because memory is our proof of accuracy in knowledge.

Question 14

Epicurus 
-Because pleasure is the greatest good,one ought to

Accepted Answer

A) choose every pleasure possible. 
B) satisfy all natural desires. 
C) satisfy all necessary natural desires. 
D) avoid all pain.

Question 15

Willard Van Orman Quine
-Extensional agreement between two predicates (that is,they are true of the same objects)

Accepted Answer

A) insures that they have the same truth value. 
B) would be sufficient to insure analyticity. 
C) is equivalent to cognitive synonymy. 
D) tells us nothing about the truth or meaning of either predicate.

Question 16

William of Ockham

-Which of the following is not one of Ockham's arguments against universals existing outside the mind?

Accepted Answer

A) If a universal is a substance,then only the mind can have substance. 
B) Propositions are composed of universals,but propositions only occur in the mind,in speech,or in writing. 
C) Because any individual shares essential properties with other individuals,if the properties were universal,to destroy one individual would destroy all others sharing the universal. 
D) Because any individual would be composed of universals,that individual could not be a particular.

Question 17

Ludwig Wittgenstein
-Wittgenstein concludes that if someone reads the Tractatus properly,that person will realize that

Accepted Answer

A) the propositions of the Tractatus are nonsensical. 
B) the limits to thought have been clearly defined. 
C) the propositions of the Tractatus are true a priori. 
D) ethics is the subject of all linguistic analysis.

Question 18

René Descartes
-Princess Elizabeth doubts that a human soul,as defined by Descartes,can have a causal,impelling relationship of contact with a human body,as defined by Descartes.She claims that cause for her doubt is

Accepted Answer

A) causal closure of the physical domain. 
B) Descartes' definition of the soul as without extension. 
C) Descartes' definition of the soul without substance. 
D) Descartes' definition of the body as motionless.

Question 19

John Stuart Mill
-In opposition to Kant,Mill proposes that morality be based on

Accepted Answer

A) the consequences of an action. 
B) human instincts and desires. 
C) a person's duty to the moral law. 
D) a person's duty to the established human law.

Question 20

Baruch Spinoza
-If substances necessarily exist,then

Accepted Answer

A) God created them distinct from himself with a specific purpose. 
B) attributes exist contingently. 
C) they must have been created by another substance. 
D) all substances are infinite.

Exam 1: Ancient Greek Philosophy

Socrates and Plato -The purpose for the guardian's lifestyle standards is to

Socrates and Plato -Which of the following is not an argument that Crito employs in his attempt to convince Socrates to flee Athens?

Boethius -According to "Philosophy," divine foreknowledge

Aristotle -Thinking is related to perceiving in that thinking

John Stuart Mill -In the end,all morality is actually based on

David Hume -If causality is not a certain principle,then our only knowledge comes from

Epictetus -If you don't like your role in life,you should

Ludwig Wittgenstein -When Wittgenstein says "A picture is a model of reality," he means

Immanuel Kant -According to Kant,the laws of nature

Karl Marx -According to Marx,the current rule of the bourgeoisie is more exploitive than previous classes because

W.E.B. Dubois -All of the following are difficulties that recently freed black people had in Dubois' day except:

Jean-Jacques Rousseau -Under the social contract,if an individual's will goes against the general will,what is to be done,according to Rousseau?

John Locke -In the end,Locke concludes that our senses are

Epicurus -Because pleasure is the greatest good,one ought to

Willard Van Orman Quine -Extensional agreement between two predicates (that is,they are true of the same objects)

William of Ockham -Which of the following is not one of Ockham's arguments against universals existing outside the mind?

Ludwig Wittgenstein -Wittgenstein concludes that if someone reads the Tractatus properly,that person will realize that

René Descartes -Princess Elizabeth doubts that a human soul,as defined by Descartes,can have a causal,impelling relationship of contact with a human body,as defined by Descartes.She claims that cause for her doubt is

John Stuart Mill -In opposition to Kant,Mill proposes that morality be based on

Baruch Spinoza -If substances necessarily exist,then