Question 1

Nitrogen fixation is a process that

Accepted Answer

A)  recycles nitrogen compounds from dead and decaying materials. 
B)  converts ammonia to ammonium. 
C)  releases nitrate from the rock substrate. 
D)  converts nitrogen gas into ammonia. 
A)  recycles nitrogen compounds from dead and decaying materials. 
B)  converts ammonia to ammonium. 
C)  releases nitrate from the rock substrate. 
D)  converts nitrogen gas into ammonia.

Question 2

Atmospheric nitrogen can be fixed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Arrange the following forms of nitrogen from the atmospheric N stage to the final form that enters the roots.
1) Ammonia
2) Nitrogen gas
3) Ammonium ion
4) Nitrite
5) Nitrate

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 2, 3, 4, 5 
B)  2, 1, 3, 5, 4 
C)  2, 1, 5, 4, 3 
D)  2, 1, 3, 4, 5 
A)  1, 2, 3, 4, 5 
B)  2, 1, 3, 5, 4 
C)  2, 1, 5, 4, 3 
D)  2, 1, 3, 4, 5

Question 3

The symplast is the continuum of cytosol connected by

Accepted Answer

A)  extracellular spaces. 
B)  apoplastic route. 
C)  plasmodesmata. 
D)  symplastic route. 
A)  extracellular spaces. 
B)  apoplastic route. 
C)  plasmodesmata. 
D)  symplastic route.

Question 4

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy to remove toxic heavy metals from a soil?

Accepted Answer

A)  heavy irrigation to leach out the heavy metals 
B)  application of fertilizers to compete with heavy metal uptake 
C)  adding plant species that have the ability to take up and accumulate heavy metals 
D)  inoculating soil with mycorrhizae to avoid heavy metal uptake 
A)  heavy irrigation to leach out the heavy metals 
B)  application of fertilizers to compete with heavy metal uptake 
C)  adding plant species that have the ability to take up and accumulate heavy metals 
D)  inoculating soil with mycorrhizae to avoid heavy metal uptake

Question 5

Most of the dry weight of a plant is derived from

Accepted Answer

A)  NO3- and CO₂. 
B)  K+ and CO₂. 
C)  PO43- and K+. 
D)  H₂O and CO₂. 
A)  NO3- and CO₂. 
B)  K+ and CO₂. 
C)  PO43- and K+. 
D)  H₂O and CO₂.

Question 6

Movement of xylem sap from roots to leaves

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements. 
B)  usually depends on tension, or negative pressure potential. 
C)  depends on active transport. 
D)  depends on the pumping of water through aquaporins. 
A)  occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements. 
B)  usually depends on tension, or negative pressure potential. 
C)  depends on active transport. 
D)  depends on the pumping of water through aquaporins.

Question 7

Which of the following was an essential adaptive feature for the evolution of plants from water to the land?

Accepted Answer

A)  minimizing the evaporative loss of water 
B)  using light more effectively 
C)  acquiring CO₂ from the air 
D)  acquiring water from the ground 
A)  minimizing the evaporative loss of water 
B)  using light more effectively 
C)  acquiring CO₂ from the air 
D)  acquiring water from the ground

Question 8

If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

A)  The pressure potential of the cells would increase. 
B)  Water would move out of the cells. 
C)  The cell walls would rupture, killing the cells. 
D)  Solutes would move out of the cells. 
A)  The pressure potential of the cells would increase. 
B)  Water would move out of the cells. 
C)  The cell walls would rupture, killing the cells. 
D)  Solutes would move out of the cells.

Question 9

Ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of a tree?

Accepted Answer

A)  cool, dry day 
B)  warm, dry day 
C)  warm, humid day 
D)  very hot, dry, windy day 
A)  cool, dry day 
B)  warm, dry day 
C)  warm, humid day 
D)  very hot, dry, windy day

Question 10

The opening of stomata is thought to involve

Accepted Answer

A)  an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells. 
B)  a decrease in the solute concentration of the stoma. 
C)  active transport of water out of the guard cells. 
D)  decreased turgor pressure in the guard cells. 
A)  an increase in the solute concentration of the guard cells. 
B)  a decrease in the solute concentration of the stoma. 
C)  active transport of water out of the guard cells. 
D)  decreased turgor pressure in the guard cells.

Question 11

Two groups of tomatoes were grown in the laboratory, one with humus added to the soil and the other a control without humus. The leaves of the plants grown without humus were yellowish (less green) compared with those of the plants grown in humus-enriched soil. The best explanation for this difference is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the healthy plants used carbohydrates in the decomposing leaves of the humus for energy to make chlorophyll. 
B)  the humus made the soil more loosely packed, so water penetrated more easily to the roots. 
C)  the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll. 
D)  the heat released by the decomposing leaves of the humus caused more rapid growth and chlorophyll synthesis. 
A)  the healthy plants used carbohydrates in the decomposing leaves of the humus for energy to make chlorophyll. 
B)  the humus made the soil more loosely packed, so water penetrated more easily to the roots. 
C)  the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll. 
D)  the heat released by the decomposing leaves of the humus caused more rapid growth and chlorophyll synthesis.

Question 12

Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because

Accepted Answer

A)  sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making it hypotonic. 
B)  sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic. 
C)  water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in water. 
D)  the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps in water. 
A)  sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making it hypotonic. 
B)  sucrose has been actively transported into the sieve tube, making it hypertonic. 
C)  water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in water. 
D)  the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps in water.

Question 13

Copper plays a critical role in ________ of plant cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  water splitting in photosynthesis 
B)  redox reactions and lignin-biosynthetic enzymes 
C)  cytochromes 
D)  cofactor for enzymes needed for nitrogen fixation 
A)  water splitting in photosynthesis 
B)  redox reactions and lignin-biosynthetic enzymes 
C)  cytochromes 
D)  cofactor for enzymes needed for nitrogen fixation

Question 14

You are weeding your garden when you accidentally expose some roots of your pea plants. You notice swellings (root nodules) on the roots and there is a reddish tinge to the ones you accidentally damaged. Most likely your pea plants

Accepted Answer

A)  suffer from a mineral deficiency. 
B)  are benefiting from a mutualistic bacterium. 
C)  are developing offshoots from the root. 
D)  contain developing insect pupa. 
A)  suffer from a mineral deficiency. 
B)  are benefiting from a mutualistic bacterium. 
C)  are developing offshoots from the root. 
D)  contain developing insect pupa.

Question 15

Which of the following experimental procedures would most likely reduce transpiration while allowing the normal growth of a plant?

Accepted Answer

A)  subjecting the leaves of the plant to a partial vacuum 
B)  increasing the level of carbon dioxide around the plant 
C)  putting the plant in drier soil 
D)  decreasing the relative humidity around the plant 
A)  subjecting the leaves of the plant to a partial vacuum 
B)  increasing the level of carbon dioxide around the plant 
C)  putting the plant in drier soil 
D)  decreasing the relative humidity around the plant

Question 16

What would enhance water uptake by a plant cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  decreasing the Ψ of the surrounding solution 
B)  positive pressure on the surrounding solution 
C)  the loss of solutes from the cell 
D)  increasing the Ψ of the cytoplasm 
A)  decreasing the Ψ of the surrounding solution 
B)  positive pressure on the surrounding solution 
C)  the loss of solutes from the cell 
D)  increasing the Ψ of the cytoplasm

Question 17

What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree?

Accepted Answer

A)  active transport of ions into the stele 
B)  atmospheric pressure on roots 
C)  evaporation of water through stoma 
D)  the force of root pressure 
A)  active transport of ions into the stele 
B)  atmospheric pressure on roots 
C)  evaporation of water through stoma 
D)  the force of root pressure

Question 18

In west Texas, cotton has become an important crop in the last several decades. However, in this hot, dry part of the country there is little rainfall, so farmers irrigate their cotton fields. They must also regularly fertilize the cotton fields because the soil is very sandy. Figure 29.1 shows the record of annual productivity (measured in kilograms of cotton per hectare of land) since 1960 in a west Texas cotton field. Use these data to answer the following question(s).   Figure 29.1
-Based on the information provided in Figure 29.1, what is the most likely cause of the decline in productivity?

Accepted Answer

A)  The farmer used the wrong kind of fertilizer. 
B)  The cotton is developing a resistance to the fertilizer and to irrigation water. 
C)  Water has accumulated in the soil due to irrigation. 
D)  The soil water potential has become more negative due to salination. 
A)  The farmer used the wrong kind of fertilizer. 
B)  The cotton is developing a resistance to the fertilizer and to irrigation water. 
C)  Water has accumulated in the soil due to irrigation. 
D)  The soil water potential has become more negative due to salination.

Question 19

Given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the earliest land plants were most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  nonvascular plants that grew leafless photosynthetic shoots above the shallow fresh water in which they lived. 
B)  species that did not exhibit alternation of generations. 
C)  vascular plants with well-defined root systems. 
D)  plants with well-developed leaves. 
A)  nonvascular plants that grew leafless photosynthetic shoots above the shallow fresh water in which they lived. 
B)  species that did not exhibit alternation of generations. 
C)  vascular plants with well-defined root systems. 
D)  plants with well-developed leaves.

Question 20

What is a major function of magnesium in plants?

Accepted Answer

A)  to be a component of lignin-biosynthetic enzymes 
B)  to be a component of DNA and RNA 
C)  to be a component of chlorophyll 
D)  to be active in amino acid formation 
A)  to be a component of lignin-biosynthetic enzymes 
B)  to be a component of DNA and RNA 
C)  to be a component of chlorophyll 
D)  to be active in amino acid formation

Exam 29: Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Nitrogen fixation is a process that

Atmospheric nitrogen can be fixed by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Arrange the following forms of nitrogen from the atmospheric N stage to the final form that enters the roots. 1) Ammonia 2) Nitrogen gas 3) Ammonium ion 4) Nitrite 5) Nitrate

The symplast is the continuum of cytosol connected by

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy to remove toxic heavy metals from a soil?

Most of the dry weight of a plant is derived from

Movement of xylem sap from roots to leaves

Which of the following was an essential adaptive feature for the evolution of plants from water to the land?

If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome?

Ignoring all other factors, what kind of day would result in the fastest delivery of water and minerals to the leaves of a tree?

The opening of stomata is thought to involve

Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube because

Copper plays a critical role in ________ of plant cells.

You are weeding your garden when you accidentally expose some roots of your pea plants. You notice swellings (root nodules) on the roots and there is a reddish tinge to the ones you accidentally damaged. Most likely your pea plants

Which of the following experimental procedures would most likely reduce transpiration while allowing the normal growth of a plant?

What would enhance water uptake by a plant cell?

What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward the top of a tree?

Given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the earliest land plants were most likely

What is a major function of magnesium in plants?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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