Question 1

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of

Accepted Answer

A)  the parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate. 
B)  the thyroid gland, leading to an increase in the blood calcium concentration. 
C)  the anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function. 
D)  the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine. 
E)  the pancreas, leading to a reduction in blood sugar concentration. 
A)  the parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate. 
B)  the thyroid gland, leading to an increase in the blood calcium concentration. 
C)  the anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function. 
D)  the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine. 
E)  the pancreas, leading to a reduction in blood sugar concentration.

Question 2

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B)  isotonic; freshwater 
C)  hyperosmotic; saltwater 
D)  isoosmotic; saltwater 
E)  hypoosmotic; saltwater 
A)  hyperosmotic; freshwater 
B)  isotonic; freshwater 
C)  hyperosmotic; saltwater 
D)  isoosmotic; saltwater 
E)  hypoosmotic; saltwater

Question 3

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is

Accepted Answer

A)  epithelial tissue. 
B)  connective tissue. 
C)  muscle. 
D)  nervous tissue. 
A)  epithelial tissue. 
B)  connective tissue. 
C)  muscle. 
D)  nervous tissue.

Question 4

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in

Accepted Answer

A)  earthworms. 
B)  flatworms. 
C)  insects. 
D)  jellyfish. 
E)  sea stars. 
A)  earthworms. 
B)  flatworms. 
C)  insects. 
D)  jellyfish. 
E)  sea stars.

Question 5

Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in

Accepted Answer

A)  the vasa recta. 
B)  Bowman's capsule. 
C)  the loop of Henle. 
D)  the proximal tubule. 
E)  the collecting duct. 
A)  the vasa recta. 
B)  Bowman's capsule. 
C)  the loop of Henle. 
D)  the proximal tubule. 
E)  the collecting duct.

Question 6

Homeostasis typically relies on negative feedback because positive feedback

Accepted Answer

A)  requires a response but not a stimulus. 
B)  drives processes to completion rather than to a balance point. 
C)  acts within, but not beyond, a normal range. 
D)  can decrease but not increase a variable. 
A)  requires a response but not a stimulus. 
B)  drives processes to completion rather than to a balance point. 
C)  acts within, but not beyond, a normal range. 
D)  can decrease but not increase a variable.

Question 7

Which of the following is an accurate statement about thermoregulation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Endotherms are regulators and ectotherms are conformers. 
B)  Endotherms maintain a constant body temperature and ectotherms do not. 
C)  Endotherms and ectotherms differ in their primary source of heat for thermoregulation. 
D)  Endothermy has a lower energy cost than ectothermy. 
A)  Endotherms are regulators and ectotherms are conformers. 
B)  Endotherms maintain a constant body temperature and ectotherms do not. 
C)  Endotherms and ectotherms differ in their primary source of heat for thermoregulation. 
D)  Endothermy has a lower energy cost than ectothermy.

Question 8

The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is

Accepted Answer

A)  ammonia. 
B)  nitrate. 
C)  ammonium. 
D)  urea. 
E)  uric acid. 
A)  ammonia. 
B)  nitrate. 
C)  ammonium. 
D)  urea. 
E)  uric acid.

Question 9

The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because

Accepted Answer

A)  thick and thin filaments are present. 
B)  they pump wastes into the lumen while pumping nutrients toward the blood. 
C)  the colors seen on the top and bottom of the cells are different. 
D)  they must fire action potentials to absorb most nutrients. 
E)  the structures on the apical surface are different than those on the basal surface. 
A)  thick and thin filaments are present. 
B)  they pump wastes into the lumen while pumping nutrients toward the blood. 
C)  the colors seen on the top and bottom of the cells are different. 
D)  they must fire action potentials to absorb most nutrients. 
E)  the structures on the apical surface are different than those on the basal surface.

Question 10

Many marine and freshwater bony fish achieve osmoregulation via

Accepted Answer

A)  loss of water through the gills. 
B)  gain of salt through the gills. 
C)  loss of water in the urine. 
D)  no drinking of water. 
E)  gain of water through food. 
A)  loss of water through the gills. 
B)  gain of salt through the gills. 
C)  loss of water in the urine. 
D)  no drinking of water. 
E)  gain of water through food.

Question 11

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the

Accepted Answer

A)  pituitary gland. 
B)  thyroid gland. 
C)  hypothalamus. 
D)  subcutaneous layer of the skin. 
E)  adrenal glands. 
A)  pituitary gland. 
B)  thyroid gland. 
C)  hypothalamus. 
D)  subcutaneous layer of the skin. 
E)  adrenal glands.

Question 12

The osmolarity of human urine

Accepted Answer

A)  can be four times as great as the normal osmolarity of human plasma. 
B)  is always equal to the plasma osmolarity. 
C)  is always less than the plasma osmolarity. 
D)  is always greater than the plasma osmolarity. 
E)  is determined primarily by the concentration of glucose. 
A)  can be four times as great as the normal osmolarity of human plasma. 
B)  is always equal to the plasma osmolarity. 
C)  is always less than the plasma osmolarity. 
D)  is always greater than the plasma osmolarity. 
E)  is determined primarily by the concentration of glucose.

Question 13

The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human does not normally include

Accepted Answer

A)  ions. 
B)  glucose. 
C)  plasma proteins. 
D)  amino acids. 
E)  dissolved gasses. 
A)  ions. 
B)  glucose. 
C)  plasma proteins. 
D)  amino acids. 
E)  dissolved gasses.

Question 14

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle

Accepted Answer

A)  are the largest epithelial cells in the body. 
B)  are not in contact with interstitial fluid. 
C)  have plasma membranes of low permeability to water. 
D)  have 50% of their cell mass made of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 
E)  are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes. 
A)  are the largest epithelial cells in the body. 
B)  are not in contact with interstitial fluid. 
C)  have plasma membranes of low permeability to water. 
D)  have 50% of their cell mass made of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 
E)  are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes.

Question 15

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would

Accepted Answer

A)  come to a complete halt. 
B)  decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma. 
C)  increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma. 
D)  increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma. 
E)  decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma. 
A)  come to a complete halt. 
B)  decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma. 
C)  increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma. 
D)  increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma. 
E)  decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma.

Question 16

In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X,

Accepted Answer

A)  an increase in A always produces an increase in X, which results in an increase in A. 
B)  an increase in X always produces a decrease in A, which results in a decrease in X. 
C)  a decrease in A always produces an increase in X, which results in an increase in A. 
D)  a decrease in X always causes a decrease in A, which causes an increase in X. 
E)  it is impossible to predict how A and X affect each other. 
A)  an increase in A always produces an increase in X, which results in an increase in A. 
B)  an increase in X always produces a decrease in A, which results in a decrease in X. 
C)  a decrease in A always produces an increase in X, which results in an increase in A. 
D)  a decrease in X always causes a decrease in A, which causes an increase in X. 
E)  it is impossible to predict how A and X affect each other.

Question 17

In a cold environment that supports life, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm

Accepted Answer

A)  maintains a higher basal metabolic rate. 
B)  expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than does the endotherm. 
C)  invests little energy in temperature regulation. 
D)  metabolizes its stored energy more readily than does the endotherm. 
E)  has greater insulation on its body surface. 
A)  maintains a higher basal metabolic rate. 
B)  expends more energy per kilogram of body mass than does the endotherm. 
C)  invests little energy in temperature regulation. 
D)  metabolizes its stored energy more readily than does the endotherm. 
E)  has greater insulation on its body surface.

Question 18

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that

Accepted Answer

A)  they store the body's excess fats. 
B)  they have membranes of varying permeability to water. 
C)  they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps. 
D)  they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients. 
E)  they have an abundance of smooth muscle. 
A)  they store the body's excess fats. 
B)  they have membranes of varying permeability to water. 
C)  they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps. 
D)  they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients. 
E)  they have an abundance of smooth muscle.

Question 19

An inoperable tumor has been discovered in a patient's brain. While the tumor is small now, it potentially may become malignant and grow. As the patient's doctor, you tell her to keep a diary of how she is feeling and to call you if she notices any trends. One day she calls you to tell you that after taking hot showers, it takes hours for her to cool off. What region of the brain may be affected by the tumor?

Accepted Answer

A)  pineal gland 
B)  anterior pituitary gland 
C)  posterior pituitary gland 
D)  hypothalamus 
A)  pineal gland 
B)  anterior pituitary gland 
C)  posterior pituitary gland 
D)  hypothalamus

Question 20

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is

Accepted Answer

A)  distilled water. 
B)  plasma in birds. 
C)  plasma in mammals. 
D)  seawater in a tidal pool. 
E)  plasma in terrestrial reptiles. 
A)  distilled water. 
B)  plasma in birds. 
C)  plasma in mammals. 
D)  seawater in a tidal pool. 
E)  plasma in terrestrial reptiles.

Exam 32: Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment.

The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in

Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in

Homeostasis typically relies on negative feedback because positive feedback

Which of the following is an accurate statement about thermoregulation?

The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is

The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because

Many marine and freshwater bony fish achieve osmoregulation via

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the

The osmolarity of human urine

The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human does not normally include

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would

In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X,

In a cold environment that supports life, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

Filters

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be with its environment.