Question 1

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes

Accepted Answer

A)  complement. 
B)  lysozyme. 
C)  mucus. 
D)  neutrophils. 
E)  dendritic cells. 
A)  complement. 
B)  lysozyme. 
C)  mucus. 
D)  neutrophils. 
E)  dendritic cells.

Question 2

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
All cells have protein markers on their membranes, and the Rh antigen is found in the membranes of red blood cells. If a person possesses the Rh antigen on his or her red blood cells, it is indicated with a + sign. If a person does not possess the Rh antigen, it is indicated with a - sign. A, B, and O refer to the ABO blood groups.   Figure 35.3
-Study the table in Figure 35.3. Giving the mother anti-Rh antibodies before delivering her baby would be a wise precaution in

Accepted Answer

A)  case 1 only. 
B)  case 3 only. 
C)  cases 1 and 2 only. 
D)  cases 1, 2, and 3. 
E)  It cannot be determined from the data given. 
A)  case 1 only. 
B)  case 3 only. 
C)  cases 1 and 2 only. 
D)  cases 1, 2, and 3. 
E)  It cannot be determined from the data given.

Question 3

A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus, is protected by

Accepted Answer

A)  its plasma cells. 
B)  its immunoglobulins. 
C)  its antibodies. 
D)  its antimicrobial peptides. 
E)  its B cells. 
A)  its plasma cells. 
B)  its immunoglobulins. 
C)  its antibodies. 
D)  its antimicrobial peptides. 
E)  its B cells.

Question 4

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, although infected, she does not get sick.
-Which of the following should be the same in identical twins?

Accepted Answer

A)  the set of antibodies produced 
B)  the set of MHC molecules produced 
C)  the set of T cell antigen receptors produced 
D)  the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive 
A)  the set of antibodies produced 
B)  the set of MHC molecules produced 
C)  the set of T cell antigen receptors produced 
D)  the set of immune cells eliminated as self-reactive

Question 5

The MHC is important in a T cell's ability to

Accepted Answer

A)  trigger an adaptive immune response. 
B)  recognize specific parasitic pathogens. 
C)  identify specific bacterial pathogens. 
D)  identify specific viruses. 
E)  trigger an innate immune response. 
A)  trigger an adaptive immune response. 
B)  recognize specific parasitic pathogens. 
C)  identify specific bacterial pathogens. 
D)  identify specific viruses. 
E)  trigger an innate immune response.

Question 6

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs 
B)  body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface 
C)  self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released 
D)  complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released 
E)  cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis 
A)  B cells contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs 
B)  body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface 
C)  self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released 
D)  complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released 
E)  cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

Question 7

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a

Accepted Answer

A)  plasma cell. 
B)  cytotoxic T cell. 
C)  natural killer cell. 
D)  CD8 cell. 
E)  helper T cell. 
A)  plasma cell. 
B)  cytotoxic T cell. 
C)  natural killer cell. 
D)  CD8 cell. 
E)  helper T cell.

Question 8

T cells of the immune system include

Accepted Answer

A)  CD4, CD8, and plasma cells. 
B)  cytotoxic and helper cells. 
C)  plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells. 
D)  lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 
E)  class I MHC, class II MHC, and memory cells. 
A)  CD4, CD8, and plasma cells. 
B)  cytotoxic and helper cells. 
C)  plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells. 
D)  lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. 
E)  class I MHC, class II MHC, and memory cells.

Question 9

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from

Accepted Answer

A)  vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin. 
B)  injection of antibodies to the toxin. 
C)  injection of histamine. 
D)  injection of interferon. 
A)  vaccination with a weakened form of the toxin. 
B)  injection of antibodies to the toxin. 
C)  injection of histamine. 
D)  injection of interferon.

Question 10

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, although infected, she does not get sick.
-Which of the following statements is not true?

Accepted Answer

A)  An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site. 
B)  A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens. 
C)  An antigen can have different epitopes. 
D)  A liver cell makes one class of MHC molecule. 
A)  An antibody has more than one antigen-binding site. 
B)  A lymphocyte has receptors for multiple different antigens. 
C)  An antigen can have different epitopes. 
D)  A liver cell makes one class of MHC molecule.

Question 11

Adaptive immunity depends on

Accepted Answer

A)  traits common to groups of pathogens. 
B)  pathogen-specific recognition. 
C)  maternal provision of antibodies to offspring. 
D)  plants being exposed to new pathogens. 
E)  having exhausted all options for innate immunity responses. 
A)  traits common to groups of pathogens. 
B)  pathogen-specific recognition. 
C)  maternal provision of antibodies to offspring. 
D)  plants being exposed to new pathogens. 
E)  having exhausted all options for innate immunity responses.

Question 12

Mutant fruit flies that make only one antimicrobial peptide (defensin or drosomycin) were tested for survival after infection with Neurospora crassa fungi or with Micrococcus luteus bacteria, and the results are shown in Figures 35.1 and 35.2.    
Figure 35.1 Figure 35.2
The results shown in the graphs in Figures 35.1 and 35.2 support the hypothesis that

Accepted Answer

A)  adding the defensin gene to such mutants exacerbates fungal infections. 
B)  adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from bacterial infection. 
C)  wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to these infective agents. 
D)  the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both infective agents. 
E)  even the wild-type flies rarely, if ever, survive for five days. 
A)  adding the defensin gene to such mutants exacerbates fungal infections. 
B)  adding the drosomycin gene to such mutants protects them from bacterial infection. 
C)  wild-type flies with the full set of genes for antimicrobial peptides are highly susceptible to these infective agents. 
D)  the presence of any single antimicrobial peptide protects against both infective agents. 
E)  even the wild-type flies rarely, if ever, survive for five days.

Question 13

Suppose that there is a phagocytic cell in which the pH inside the lysosome is significantly higher than normal. What outcome regarding phagocytosis is most likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Phagocytosis will be able to proceed normally. 
B)  Pathogens will able to be broken down, but not released from the cell. 
C)  Pathogens will not be able to enter the cell. 
D)  Pathogens will be able to enter the cell but will not be able to be broken down. 
A)  Phagocytosis will be able to proceed normally. 
B)  Pathogens will able to be broken down, but not released from the cell. 
C)  Pathogens will not be able to enter the cell. 
D)  Pathogens will be able to enter the cell but will not be able to be broken down.

Question 14

Bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its

Accepted Answer

A)  toll-like receptors that bind to lipopolysaccharides. 
B)  memory cells to produce antibodies. 
C)  plasma cells to produce antigens. 
D)  cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  humoral immune responses. 
A)  toll-like receptors that bind to lipopolysaccharides. 
B)  memory cells to produce antibodies. 
C)  plasma cells to produce antigens. 
D)  cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  humoral immune responses.

Question 15

Through the evolution of antigenic variation, pathogens are able to

Accepted Answer

A)  change the epitopes they express to elude a secondary immune response. 
B)  change their genome to elude a secondary immune response. 
C)  change the types of RNAs they express to elude a secondary immune response. 
D)  change their size to elude a secondary immune response. 
A)  change the epitopes they express to elude a secondary immune response. 
B)  change their genome to elude a secondary immune response. 
C)  change the types of RNAs they express to elude a secondary immune response. 
D)  change their size to elude a secondary immune response.

Question 16

In some insects, such as Drosophila, fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll, which

Accepted Answer

A)  acts as a receptor that, when activated, signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. 
B)  functions directly to attack the fungi presented to it. 
C)  produces antimicrobial peptides by interaction with chitin. 
D)  secretes special recognition signal molecules that identify specific pathogens. 
E)  causes some hemocytes to phagocytize the pathogens. 
A)  acts as a receptor that, when activated, signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. 
B)  functions directly to attack the fungi presented to it. 
C)  produces antimicrobial peptides by interaction with chitin. 
D)  secretes special recognition signal molecules that identify specific pathogens. 
E)  causes some hemocytes to phagocytize the pathogens.

Question 17

Clonal selection implies that

Accepted Answer

A)  brothers and sisters have similar immune responses. 
B)  antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes. 
C)  only certain cells can produce interferon. 
D)  a B cell has multiple types of antigen receptors. 
E)  the body selects which antigens to which to respond. 
A)  brothers and sisters have similar immune responses. 
B)  antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes. 
C)  only certain cells can produce interferon. 
D)  a B cell has multiple types of antigen receptors. 
E)  the body selects which antigens to which to respond.

Question 18

B cells that interact with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells produce antibodies. 
B)  B cells release cytokines. 
C)  helper T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface. 
D)  helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  helper T cells release cytokines. 
A)  B cells produce antibodies. 
B)  B cells release cytokines. 
C)  helper T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface. 
D)  helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells. 
E)  helper T cells release cytokines.

Question 19

The number of MHC protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because

Accepted Answer

A)  the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways. 
B)  MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II. 
C)  each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene. 
D)  once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories. 
E)  once a T cell has matured in the thymus, it can only respond to two MHC categories. 
A)  the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways. 
B)  MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II. 
C)  each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits two for each gene. 
D)  once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories. 
E)  once a T cell has matured in the thymus, it can only respond to two MHC categories.

Question 20

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
All cells have protein markers on their membranes, and the Rh antigen is found in the membranes of red blood cells. If a person possesses the Rh antigen on his or her red blood cells, it is indicated with a + sign. If a person does not possess the Rh antigen, it is indicated with a - sign. A, B, and O refer to the ABO blood groups.   Figure 35.3
-Study the table in Figure 35.3. The mother could exhibit an anti-Rh factor reaction to the developing fetus in

Accepted Answer

A)  case 1 only. 
B)  case 3 only. 
C)  cases 1 and 2 only. 
D)  cases 1, 2, and 3. 
E)  It cannot be determined from the data given. 
A)  case 1 only. 
B)  case 3 only. 
C)  cases 1 and 2 only. 
D)  cases 1, 2, and 3. 
E)  It cannot be determined from the data given.

Exam 35: The Immune System

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes

A fruit fly, internally infected by a potentially pathogenic fungus, is protected by

The MHC is important in a T cell's ability to

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a

T cells of the immune system include

An individual who has been bitten by a poisonous snake that has a fast-acting toxin would likely benefit from

Adaptive immunity depends on

Suppose that there is a phagocytic cell in which the pH inside the lysosome is significantly higher than normal. What outcome regarding phagocytosis is most likely to occur?

Bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its

Through the evolution of antigenic variation, pathogens are able to

In some insects, such as Drosophila, fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein Toll, which

Clonal selection implies that

B cells that interact with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when

The number of MHC protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that diverse population has a far more limited array of MHC molecules because

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