Question 1

A systemic inflammatory response that is often life-threatening is

Accepted Answer

A)  mild fever. 
B)  aches and dull pain. 
C)  septic shock. 
D)  high blood pressure. 
E)  increased white blood cell count. 
A)  mild fever. 
B)  aches and dull pain. 
C)  septic shock. 
D)  high blood pressure. 
E)  increased white blood cell count.

Question 2

The primary function of humoral immunity is

Accepted Answer

A)  to defend against fungi and protozoa. 
B)  to reject transplanted tissues. 
C)  to protect the body against cells that become cancerous. 
D)  to protect the body against extracellular pathogens. 
E)  to defend against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells. 
A)  to defend against fungi and protozoa. 
B)  to reject transplanted tissues. 
C)  to protect the body against cells that become cancerous. 
D)  to protect the body against extracellular pathogens. 
E)  to defend against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells.

Question 3

In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as

Accepted Answer

A)  an allergy. 
B)  an immunodeficiency. 
C)  an autoimmune disease. 
D)  an antigenic variation. 
E)  a cancer. 
A)  an allergy. 
B)  an immunodeficiency. 
C)  an autoimmune disease. 
D)  an antigenic variation. 
E)  a cancer.

Question 4

The activation of helper T cells is likely

Accepted Answer

A)  when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell. 
B)  when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines. 
C)  when natural killer (NK) cells come in contact with a tumor cell. 
D)  when B cells respond to T-independent antigens. 
A)  when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell. 
B)  when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines. 
C)  when natural killer (NK) cells come in contact with a tumor cell. 
D)  when B cells respond to T-independent antigens.

Question 5

Antihistamine treatment reduces

Accepted Answer

A)  blood vessel dilation. 
B)  phagocytosis of antigens. 
C)  MHC presentation by macrophages. 
D)  the secondary immune response. 
E)  clonal selection by antigens. 
A)  blood vessel dilation. 
B)  phagocytosis of antigens. 
C)  MHC presentation by macrophages. 
D)  the secondary immune response. 
E)  clonal selection by antigens.

Question 6

Infection by a bacterium that has elements on its surface that enhance its resistance to lysozyme will likely result in

Accepted Answer

A)  destruction of the bacterium by natural killer cells. 
B)  successful reproduction of the bacterium and continued progression of the disease. 
C)  an ineffective adaptive immunity response. 
D)  the infected individual's humoral immunity becoming the only route of infection response. 
E)  lymphocytes migrating from the thymus to attack the bacterium. 
A)  destruction of the bacterium by natural killer cells. 
B)  successful reproduction of the bacterium and continued progression of the disease. 
C)  an ineffective adaptive immunity response. 
D)  the infected individual's humoral immunity becoming the only route of infection response. 
E)  lymphocytes migrating from the thymus to attack the bacterium.

Question 7

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from

Accepted Answer

A)  antibodies having at least two binding regions. 
B)  disulfide bridges between the antigens. 
C)  complement that makes the affected cells sticky. 
D)  bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules. 
E)  denaturation of the antibodies. 
A)  antibodies having at least two binding regions. 
B)  disulfide bridges between the antigens. 
C)  complement that makes the affected cells sticky. 
D)  bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules. 
E)  denaturation of the antibodies.

Question 8

Inflammatory responses typically include

Accepted Answer

A)  clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection. 
B)  increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. 
C)  reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma. 
D)  release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area. 
E)  inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow. 
A)  clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection. 
B)  increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. 
C)  reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma. 
D)  release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area. 
E)  inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow.

Question 9

Innate immunity

Accepted Answer

A)  is activated immediately upon infection. 
B)  depends on a newly infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen. 
C)  is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens. 
D)  is found only in vertebrate animals. 
E)  utilizes highly specific antigen receptors on B cells. 
A)  is activated immediately upon infection. 
B)  depends on a newly infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen. 
C)  is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens. 
D)  is found only in vertebrate animals. 
E)  utilizes highly specific antigen receptors on B cells.

Question 10

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to

Accepted Answer

A)  certain bacterial infections. 
B)  specific forms of viruses. 
C)  the presence of natural killer cells. 
D)  a fever of >103°F in adults. 
E)  increased production of neutrophils. 
A)  certain bacterial infections. 
B)  specific forms of viruses. 
C)  the presence of natural killer cells. 
D)  a fever of >103°F in adults. 
E)  increased production of neutrophils.

Question 11

The switch of a B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to

Accepted Answer

A)  mutation in the genes of that B cell, induced by exposure to the antigen. 
B)  the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells. 
C)  a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response. 
D)  a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells. 
E)  the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA. 
A)  mutation in the genes of that B cell, induced by exposure to the antigen. 
B)  the rearrangement of V region genes in that clone of responsive B cells. 
C)  a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response. 
D)  a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells. 
E)  the rearrangement of immunoglobulin heavy-chain C region DNA.

Question 12

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  lack class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces. 
B)  lack humoral immunity. 
C)  be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors. 
D)  be unable to produce mature T cells. 
E)  have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies. 
A)  lack class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces. 
B)  lack humoral immunity. 
C)  be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors. 
D)  be unable to produce mature T cells. 
E)  have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies.

Question 13

Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  neutrophils. 
B)  macrophages. 
C)  dendritic cells. 
D)  natural killer cells. 
A)  neutrophils. 
B)  macrophages. 
C)  dendritic cells. 
D)  natural killer cells.

Question 14

There is a mutation in the gene for CD4 such that it cannot bind to class II MHC molecules. What effect will this have on the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  Histamine would not be produced at all. 
B)  Cytotoxic T cells would not be as effective as normal. 
C)  Antibodies would not be produced as readily. 
D)  Lymphocytes would not differentiate as quickly. 
A)  Histamine would not be produced at all. 
B)  Cytotoxic T cells would not be as effective as normal. 
C)  Antibodies would not be produced as readily. 
D)  Lymphocytes would not differentiate as quickly.

Question 15

Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing

Accepted Answer

A)  redness and heat only. 
B)  swelling only. 
C)  pain only. 
D)  redness, heat, and swelling. 
A)  redness and heat only. 
B)  swelling only. 
C)  pain only. 
D)  redness, heat, and swelling.

Question 16

A patient who undergoes a high level of histamine release, dilation of blood vessels, and an acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from

Accepted Answer

A)  an autoimmune disease. 
B)  a typical allergy that can be treated by antihistamines. 
C)  an organ transplant, such as a skin graft. 
D)  the effect of exhaustion on the immune system. 
E)  anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen. 
A)  an autoimmune disease. 
B)  a typical allergy that can be treated by antihistamines. 
C)  an organ transplant, such as a skin graft. 
D)  the effect of exhaustion on the immune system. 
E)  anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen.

Question 17

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, although infected, she does not get sick.
-The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with

Accepted Answer

A)  complement. 
B)  antibodies. 
C)  class I MHC molecules. 
D)  class II MHC molecules. 
E)  dendritic cells. 
A)  complement. 
B)  antibodies. 
C)  class I MHC molecules. 
D)  class II MHC molecules. 
E)  dendritic cells.

Question 18

Clonal selection is an explanation for how

Accepted Answer

A)  a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells. 
B)  V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged. 
C)  an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies. 
D)  HIV can disrupt the immune system. 
E)  macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells. 
A)  a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells. 
B)  V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged. 
C)  an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies. 
D)  HIV can disrupt the immune system. 
E)  macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells.

Question 19

A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to

Accepted Answer

A)  respond to T-independent antigens. 
B)  lyse tumor cells. 
C)  stimulate a cytotoxic T cell. 
D)  interact with a class I MHC-antigen complex. 
E)  interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex. 
A)  respond to T-independent antigens. 
B)  lyse tumor cells. 
C)  stimulate a cytotoxic T cell. 
D)  interact with a class I MHC-antigen complex. 
E)  interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex.

Question 20

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

Accepted Answer

A)  antibodies. 
B)  antigens. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  double-stranded RNA. 
E)  immunoglobulins. 
A)  antibodies. 
B)  antigens. 
C)  natural killer cells. 
D)  double-stranded RNA. 
E)  immunoglobulins.

Exam 35: The Immune System

A systemic inflammatory response that is often life-threatening is

The primary function of humoral immunity is

In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells, which categorizes lupus as

The activation of helper T cells is likely

Antihistamine treatment reduces

Infection by a bacterium that has elements on its surface that enhance its resistance to lysozyme will likely result in

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from

Inflammatory responses typically include

Innate immunity

Septic shock, a systemic response including high fever and low blood pressure, is a response to

The switch of a B cell from producing one class of antibody to another antibody class that is responsive to the same antigen is due to

A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely

Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except

There is a mutation in the gene for CD4 such that it cannot bind to class II MHC molecules. What effect will this have on the adaptive immune response?

Histamines trigger dilation of nearby blood vessels as well as an increase in their permeability, producing

A patient who undergoes a high level of histamine release, dilation of blood vessels, and an acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from

Clonal selection is an explanation for how

A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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