Question 1

Which of the following is a psychoanalytic mechanism of defense?

Accepted Answer

A)  reaction formation 
B)  rationalization 
C)  projection 
D)  all of the above 
A)  reaction formation 
B)  rationalization 
C)  projection 
D)  all of the above

Question 2

In a reaction formation, __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a mental urge manifests itself in a physical manner 
B)  a forbidden impulse is pushed out of the conscious by an opposite impulse 
C)  a person becomes fixated on a single pleasurable object or event 
D)  an unconscious impulse is manifested in a socially appropriate way 
A)  a mental urge manifests itself in a physical manner 
B)  a forbidden impulse is pushed out of the conscious by an opposite impulse 
C)  a person becomes fixated on a single pleasurable object or event 
D)  an unconscious impulse is manifested in a socially appropriate way

Question 3

As Leonard thinks about who he is currently, he also thinks about the kind of person he could become. Which of the following is true about Leonard's actual self and his possible selves?

Accepted Answer

A)  Leonard will become depressed if he compares his ideal self to his actual self. 
B)  Leonard will develop promotion focus if he compares his actual self to his ideal self. 
C)  If he thinks about his ought self in comparison with his actual self, Leonard will feel guilty. 
D)  By developing prevention focus, Leonard will experience feelings of pleasure and actively pursue his goals. 
A)  Leonard will become depressed if he compares his ideal self to his actual self. 
B)  Leonard will develop promotion focus if he compares his actual self to his ideal self. 
C)  If he thinks about his ought self in comparison with his actual self, Leonard will feel guilty. 
D)  By developing prevention focus, Leonard will experience feelings of pleasure and actively pursue his goals.

Question 4

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of female psychosexual development, a little girl __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  becomes morally superior to males due to lack of a penis 
B)  develops greater castration fear than boys during the Electra complex 
C)  withdraws her love from her mother when she discovers that the mother has no penis 
D)  chooses the father as her sexual object because she envies the various social benefits of the male role in our culture 
A)  becomes morally superior to males due to lack of a penis 
B)  develops greater castration fear than boys during the Electra complex 
C)  withdraws her love from her mother when she discovers that the mother has no penis 
D)  chooses the father as her sexual object because she envies the various social benefits of the male role in our culture

Question 5

In evaluating Sigmund Freud's contribution to psychology, __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  although many of his ideas were flawed or disproven, they have had an enormous impact on the field of psychology 
B)  many of Freud's ideas are not supported by empirical evidence 
C)  the clinical method of psychoanalysis is not a good way of generating objective facts about personality and behavior 
D)  it is well-accepted that we experience internal conflicts of which we are consciously unaware 
E)  all of the above 
A)  although many of his ideas were flawed or disproven, they have had an enormous impact on the field of psychology 
B)  many of Freud's ideas are not supported by empirical evidence 
C)  the clinical method of psychoanalysis is not a good way of generating objective facts about personality and behavior 
D)  it is well-accepted that we experience internal conflicts of which we are consciously unaware 
E)  all of the above

Question 6

In listening to Brenda's personal history of childhood sexual abuse, loss of her mother, and a period of living in foster care, her roommate is surprised that Brenda appears so positive, calm, and optimistic. In fact, Brenda has had very good success with school, has close friendships, and enjoys excellent physical health. A positive psychology researcher would describe Brenda as having the character strength called __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  denial 
B)  sublimation 
C)  resilience 
D)  justice 
A)  denial 
B)  sublimation 
C)  resilience 
D)  justice

Question 7

Glenn has grown up in the United States, and Jomo grew up in Kenya, a more collectivist culture. Knowing this, which of the following is most likely true about their sense of self-concept?

Accepted Answer

A)  Glenn would describe himself in terms of his relationships with family and friends, whereas Jomo would describe himself in terms of his ancestors. 
B)  Jomo would emphasize his abilities and future plans, whereas Glenn would describe himself in terms of past accomplishments. 
C)  Glenn would describe himself in terms of his personality traits, whereas Jomo would describe himself in terms of his family roles and group membership. 
D)  Jomo would describe himself in spiritual terms, whereas Glenn would describe himself in more materialistic terms. 
A)  Glenn would describe himself in terms of his relationships with family and friends, whereas Jomo would describe himself in terms of his ancestors. 
B)  Jomo would emphasize his abilities and future plans, whereas Glenn would describe himself in terms of past accomplishments. 
C)  Glenn would describe himself in terms of his personality traits, whereas Jomo would describe himself in terms of his family roles and group membership. 
D)  Jomo would describe himself in spiritual terms, whereas Glenn would describe himself in more materialistic terms.

Question 8

Despite attending many workshops on personal growth and reading self-help books on how to be happier, Mary has never really become happier for any significant length of time. Researchers who study the stability of happiness would suggest that Mary's high degree of stability in happiness across time could be explained in terms of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a genetically influenced happiness "set point" 
B)  unresolved unconscious conflicts 
C)  genetically determined low self-esteem 
D)  her failure to identify the hidden root cause of her unhappiness through psychoanalysis 
A)  a genetically influenced happiness "set point" 
B)  unresolved unconscious conflicts 
C)  genetically determined low self-esteem 
D)  her failure to identify the hidden root cause of her unhappiness through psychoanalysis

Question 9

Support for the cross-cultural generality of the Big Five wanes somewhat when __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  participants are allowed to generate their own personality terms 
B)  participants are gathered from developing nations 
C)  participants are younger, aged less than 18 
D)  all of the above answers are correct 
A)  participants are allowed to generate their own personality terms 
B)  participants are gathered from developing nations 
C)  participants are younger, aged less than 18 
D)  all of the above answers are correct

Question 10

In Mexico, students identified personality factors bearing little resemblance to the Big Five. Moreover, the same students employed a total of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  3 factors 
B)  9 factors 
C)  14 factors 
D)  7 factors 
A)  3 factors 
B)  9 factors 
C)  14 factors 
D)  7 factors

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the concept of "personal myth"?

Accepted Answer

A)  John thinks of himself as a famous astronaut, even though he has never even been on a plane. 
B)  David sees himself as a person who has had to repeatedly overcome obstacles, but has persisted as he works toward his goals. 
C)  Ron sees things that other people cannot see, and hears voices that seem to originate from the fillings in his teeth. 
D)  Brian fantasizes about one day playing basketball in the NBA. 
A)  John thinks of himself as a famous astronaut, even though he has never even been on a plane. 
B)  David sees himself as a person who has had to repeatedly overcome obstacles, but has persisted as he works toward his goals. 
C)  Ron sees things that other people cannot see, and hears voices that seem to originate from the fillings in his teeth. 
D)  Brian fantasizes about one day playing basketball in the NBA.

Question 12

The so-called personality paradox refers to what, exactly?

Accepted Answer

A)  the idea that personality seems both innate and acquired 
B)  the idea that personality, though plain to see in anyone, is extremely difficult to measure 
C)  the idea that personality comprises both behavior and inner states 
D)  the idea that people behave less consistently than a trait-based conception would predict 
A)  the idea that personality seems both innate and acquired 
B)  the idea that personality, though plain to see in anyone, is extremely difficult to measure 
C)  the idea that personality comprises both behavior and inner states 
D)  the idea that people behave less consistently than a trait-based conception would predict

Question 13

In examining the relationship between delay of gratification at age 4 and later adolescent behavior, Mischel found that the childhood ability to delay gratification was positively correlated with __________ in adolescence.

Accepted Answer

A)  academic and social competence 
B)  attentiveness and verbal fluency 
C)  general coping ability 
D)  self-reliance 
E)  all of the above 
A)  academic and social competence 
B)  attentiveness and verbal fluency 
C)  general coping ability 
D)  self-reliance 
E)  all of the above

Question 14

Recent studies show that TV watching seems to be genetically related, but that makes very little sense. Therefore researchers have suggested that TV watching actually reflects the influence of the more general trait of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  sensation-seeking 
B)  introversion 
C)  openness to experience 
D)  extraversion 
A)  sensation-seeking 
B)  introversion 
C)  openness to experience 
D)  extraversion

Question 15

Raymond Cattell's personality inventory __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  was derived from a factor analysis of dozens of trait names based on the thousands of words used to describe personality attributes 
B)  assesses 16 primary dimensions of personality 
C)  both a and b 
D)  neither a nor b 
A)  was derived from a factor analysis of dozens of trait names based on the thousands of words used to describe personality attributes 
B)  assesses 16 primary dimensions of personality 
C)  both a and b 
D)  neither a nor b

Question 16

As a humanistic psychologist, George's approach to conducting therapy or research is grounded in his belief in an innate drive to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  become self-actualizing 
B)  behave in ways dictated by outside forces 
C)  rely on more powerful others for guidance and direction 
D)  focus on only the basic needs of life-food, sex, and safety 
A)  become self-actualizing 
B)  behave in ways dictated by outside forces 
C)  rely on more powerful others for guidance and direction 
D)  focus on only the basic needs of life-food, sex, and safety

Question 17

Although Tori shares many of the same assumptions as her psychoanalytic friends, she believes in a more skillful and adaptive ego than the psychoanalysts do, and so she is considered to be working from a(n) __________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

A)  social-cognitive 
B)  humanistic 
C)  ego psychology 
D)  trait 
A)  social-cognitive 
B)  humanistic 
C)  ego psychology 
D)  trait

Question 18

In conducting therapy with his client, Steve is not focusing on observing his behaviors or trying to understand his unconscious dynamics, but instead is attempting to view the world as his client does and experience what his client experiences. This means that Steve is focusing on __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  phenomenology 
B)  self-actualization 
C)  behavioral assessment 
D)  cognitive appraisal 
A)  phenomenology 
B)  self-actualization 
C)  behavioral assessment 
D)  cognitive appraisal

Question 19

Sonya is very accepting of herself. She sets realistic goals and sees her problems through to their conclusion. She has a satisfying relationship with her husband and several close friends. From Maslow's point of view, Sonya could best be described as __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  being self-directed and strong 
B)  having a positive self-image 
C)  being self-actualizing 
D)  having a strong sense of self-worth 
A)  being self-directed and strong 
B)  having a positive self-image 
C)  being self-actualizing 
D)  having a strong sense of self-worth

Question 20

Now that he has started to undergo psychoanalysis, Beth has been instructed to say anything that comes into her mind, no matter how trivial, unrelated, or embarrassing. This procedure is called __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  free association 
B)  symbolism 
C)  reaction formation 
D)  wish fulfillment 
A)  free association 
B)  symbolism 
C)  reaction formation 
D)  wish fulfillment

Which of the following is a psychoanalytic mechanism of defense?

In a reaction formation, __________.

As Leonard thinks about who he is currently, he also thinks about the kind of person he could become. Which of the following is true about Leonard's actual self and his possible selves?

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of female psychosexual development, a little girl __________.

In evaluating Sigmund Freud's contribution to psychology, __________.

Glenn has grown up in the United States, and Jomo grew up in Kenya, a more collectivist culture. Knowing this, which of the following is most likely true about their sense of self-concept?

Support for the cross-cultural generality of the Big Five wanes somewhat when __________.

In Mexico, students identified personality factors bearing little resemblance to the Big Five. Moreover, the same students employed a total of __________.

Which of the following best describes the concept of "personal myth"?

The so-called personality paradox refers to what, exactly?

In examining the relationship between delay of gratification at age 4 and later adolescent behavior, Mischel found that the childhood ability to delay gratification was positively correlated with __________ in adolescence.

Recent studies show that TV watching seems to be genetically related, but that makes very little sense. Therefore researchers have suggested that TV watching actually reflects the influence of the more general trait of __________.

Raymond Cattell's personality inventory __________.

As a humanistic psychologist, George's approach to conducting therapy or research is grounded in his belief in an innate drive to __________.

Although Tori shares many of the same assumptions as her psychoanalytic friends, she believes in a more skillful and adaptive ego than the psychoanalysts do, and so she is considered to be working from a(n) __________ perspective.

In conducting therapy with his client, Steve is not focusing on observing his behaviors or trying to understand his unconscious dynamics, but instead is attempting to view the world as his client does and experience what his client experiences. This means that Steve is focusing on __________.

Sonya is very accepting of herself. She sets realistic goals and sees her problems through to their conclusion. She has a satisfying relationship with her husband and several close friends. From Maslow's point of view, Sonya could best be described as __________.

Now that he has started to undergo psychoanalysis, Beth has been instructed to say anything that comes into her mind, no matter how trivial, unrelated, or embarrassing. This procedure is called __________.

Research Methods

Evolutionary and Genetic Influences on Behavior

The Brain and the Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Consciousness

Learning

Memory

Thinking

Language

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Development

Psychopathology

Treatment of Mental Disorders

Filters

Exam 15: Personality

Which of the following is a psychoanalytic mechanism of defense?

In a reaction formation, __________.

As Leonard thinks about who he is currently, he also thinks about the kind of person he could become. Which of the following is true about Leonard's actual self and his possible selves?

According to Sigmund Freud's theory of female psychosexual development, a little girl __________.

In evaluating Sigmund Freud's contribution to psychology, __________.

Glenn has grown up in the United States, and Jomo grew up in Kenya, a more collectivist culture. Knowing this, which of the following is most likely true about their sense of self-concept?

Support for the cross-cultural generality of the Big Five wanes somewhat when __________.

In Mexico, students identified personality factors bearing little resemblance to the Big Five. Moreover, the same students employed a total of __________.

Which of the following best describes the concept of "personal myth"?

The so-called personality paradox refers to what, exactly?

In examining the relationship between delay of gratification at age 4 and later adolescent behavior, Mischel found that the childhood ability to delay gratification was positively correlated with __________ in adolescence.

Recent studies show that TV watching seems to be genetically related, but that makes very little sense. Therefore researchers have suggested that TV watching actually reflects the influence of the more general trait of __________.

Raymond Cattell's personality inventory __________.

As a humanistic psychologist, George's approach to conducting therapy or research is grounded in his belief in an innate drive to __________.

Although Tori shares many of the same assumptions as her psychoanalytic friends, she believes in a more skillful and adaptive ego than the psychoanalysts do, and so she is considered to be working from a(n) __________ perspective.

In conducting therapy with his client, Steve is not focusing on observing his behaviors or trying to understand his unconscious dynamics, but instead is attempting to view the world as his client does and experience what his client experiences. This means that Steve is focusing on __________.

Sonya is very accepting of herself. She sets realistic goals and sees her problems through to their conclusion. She has a satisfying relationship with her husband and several close friends. From Maslow's point of view, Sonya could best be described as __________.

Now that he has started to undergo psychoanalysis, Beth has been instructed to say anything that comes into her mind, no matter how trivial, unrelated, or embarrassing. This procedure is called __________.

Research Methods

Evolutionary and Genetic Influences on Behavior

The Brain and the Nervous System

Sensation

Perception

Consciousness

Learning

Memory

Thinking

Language

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Social Psychology

Development

Psychopathology

Treatment of Mental Disorders

Filters