Exam 9: Social Stratification

________ refers to the customary ways of doing things, prevailing attitudes and expectations, and accepted structural arrangements that work to the disadvantage of the poor.

Some theorists argue that the poor have a ________ orientation while the nonpoor have a ________ orientation.

____ refers to systems of inequality in which some fixed group membership or social category, such as race, religion, or national origin, is a major criterion for ranking members' social positions and their differing access to rewards.

The process of ranking or elevation occurs in social ________ ,but not in social ________.

Identify the deficiency theories and discuss how they explain the systematic disadvantaging of certain sectors of the population; what are the sociological criticisms of these theories?

The patterning of ______ is connected with many aspects of the society, such as politics, education, and religion.

According to Harold Kerbo, social stratification means that

A ________ is a form of stratification system that assigns women's and men's roles unequally.

Adherents of cultural explanations for poverty propose that the deviant cultural pattern is transmitted ________.

Intelligence tests, by and large, measure innate ability.

The process or ranking occurs in social differentiation but not in social stratification.

_______ theories hold that how society is organized creates poverty and makes certain groups vulnerable.

The intersection of class, race, and gender create what Patricia Hill Collins calls a ________ in which every member of society exists.

Murray's work, "The Bell Curve," is a recent revival of social Darwinism.

The term structured social inequality implies that inequalities are caused by biological differences like sex or race.

For the most part, intelligence tests measure

Most people in the United States see poverty as a combination of ________ and ________ factors.

According to Harold Kerbo, social stratification means that inequality has become institutionalized.

Although Social Darwinism has generally lacked support in the scientific community, it has continued to provide a rational for the thinking of many individuals.

People experience race, class, gender, and sexuality differently, depending upon their ________ in the structures of inequality.