Exam 18: Human Agency: Individuals and Groups in Society Changing Social Structures

Explain the implications of the federal legislation of Title IX (1972) and the effect on this legislation by the Supreme Court ruling in Grove City v. Bell.

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Question 1

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Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is a federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any educational program or activity that receives federal funding. This legislation has had significant implications for gender equality in education and has led to increased opportunities for women and girls in sports, academics, and other areas of education.

However, the Supreme Court ruling in Grove City v. Bell in 1984 had a significant effect on the application of Title IX. In this case, the Court ruled that Title IX only applied to specific programs or activities that directly received federal funding, rather than to the entire institution as a whole. This ruling limited the scope of Title IX and made it more difficult to enforce the law across all aspects of educational institutions.

The implications of this ruling were significant, as it meant that many educational institutions could potentially avoid Title IX requirements by carefully structuring their funding and programs. This led to concerns about the continued effectiveness of Title IX in addressing gender discrimination in education.

In response to the Grove City v. Bell ruling, Congress passed the Civil Rights Restoration Act in 1988, which effectively overturned the Supreme Court's decision and expanded the scope of Title IX to cover all programs and activities of an institution that receives federal funding. This reaffirmed the original intent of Title IX to address and prevent gender discrimination in education.

Overall, the federal legislation of Title IX has had a profound impact on promoting gender equality in education, but the Supreme Court ruling in Grove City v. Bell temporarily limited its effectiveness. However, subsequent legislative action has helped to ensure that Title IX continues to be a powerful tool for addressing gender discrimination in educational institutions.

The lobbying efforts of the NCAA for legislation to correct gender inequities was a significant contribution of this organization to address gender inequities.

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Question 2

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The essence of agency is to

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Question 3

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A social movement focuses on organization during the ________ or formalization stages when a once-unfocused number of people become an organization.

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Question 4

A common danger of social movements is bureaucratization, which happens when the goal of maintaining the formal structure of the movement's organization supersedes the original goals of the social movement.

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Question 5

According to Gilbert and Williamson, the sharpest example of discrimination in the United States involved the victimization of Native Americans.

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Question 6

Which of the following is not a social movement?

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Question 7

The more positive solution for a social movement lies with an active citizenry pushing for change from the bottom up, not the top down.

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Question 8

The social forms that people create often take on a sacred quality that constrains behavior in ________ ways.

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Question 9

Social movements are inherently ________ because they seek to affect public policy.

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Question 10

The Black Codes were passed by Southern states and dealt with

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Question 11

If a social movement is successful it eventually becomes integrated into society.

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Question 12

Grove City v. Bell was a Supreme Court ruling that served to advance gender equality.

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Question 13

The second stage of a social movement occurs when a societal condition causes unrest.

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Question 14

While human agency is important, we should not minimize the power of the structures that subordinate people, making change difficult or, at times, impossible.

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Question 15

We do not have to be passive actors who accept society's ________ as inevitable.

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Question 16

Blacks were freed from slavery and given certain rights through the ________ Amendment(s) to the Constitution.

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Question 17

In World War II, the U.S. military was characterized by racial segregation.

(True/False)

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Question 18

What are the threats to a social movement in its last stage (institutionalization)?

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Question 19

The Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Amendments freed the slaves and guaranteed them certain rights.

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Question 20

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Explain the implications of the federal legislation of Title IX (1972) and the effect on this legislation by the Supreme Court ruling in Grove City v. Bell.

The lobbying efforts of the NCAA for legislation to correct gender inequities was a significant contribution of this organization to address gender inequities.

The essence of agency is to

A social movement focuses on organization during the ________ or formalization stages when a once-unfocused number of people become an organization.

A common danger of social movements is bureaucratization, which happens when the goal of maintaining the formal structure of the movement's organization supersedes the original goals of the social movement.

According to Gilbert and Williamson, the sharpest example of discrimination in the United States involved the victimization of Native Americans.

Which of the following is not a social movement?

The more positive solution for a social movement lies with an active citizenry pushing for change from the bottom up, not the top down.

The social forms that people create often take on a sacred quality that constrains behavior in ________ ways.

Social movements are inherently ________ because they seek to affect public policy.

The Black Codes were passed by Southern states and dealt with

If a social movement is successful it eventually becomes integrated into society.

Grove City v. Bell was a Supreme Court ruling that served to advance gender equality.

The second stage of a social movement occurs when a societal condition causes unrest.

While human agency is important, we should not minimize the power of the structures that subordinate people, making change difficult or, at times, impossible.

We do not have to be passive actors who accept society's ________ as inevitable.

Blacks were freed from slavery and given certain rights through the ________ Amendment(s) to the Constitution.

In World War II, the U.S. military was characterized by racial segregation.

What are the threats to a social movement in its last stage (institutionalization)?

The Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Amendments freed the slaves and guaranteed them certain rights.

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