Question 1

The belief that one's own ethnic group,nation,or religion is superior to all others is called:

Accepted Answer

A) the fundamental attribution error. 
B) self-serving bias. 
C) ethnocentrism. 
D) entrapment. 
A) the fundamental attribution error. 
B) self-serving bias. 
C) ethnocentrism. 
D) entrapment.

Question 2

Results of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience showed that:

Accepted Answer

A) about two-thirds of the subjects stopped delivering shocks when the learner first demanded to be free. 
B) about two-thirds of the subjects,from all ages and from all walks of life,obeyed to the fullest extent. 
C) almost 90 percent of the women and about 60 percent of the men stopped administering shocks even though the experimenter said,"The experiment requires that you continue." 
D) about 90 percent of the older adults and about 60 percent of the students stopped administering shocks even though the experimenter said,"The experiment requires that you continue." 
A) about two-thirds of the subjects stopped delivering shocks when the learner first demanded to be free. 
B) about two-thirds of the subjects,from all ages and from all walks of life,obeyed to the fullest extent. 
C) almost 90 percent of the women and about 60 percent of the men stopped administering shocks even though the experimenter said,"The experiment requires that you continue." 
D) about 90 percent of the older adults and about 60 percent of the students stopped administering shocks even though the experimenter said,"The experiment requires that you continue."

Question 3

Simply exposing people repeatedly to a product can make them like that product more.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The members of Ike's fraternity think blindfolding the initiates and covering them with molasses is a great idea for pledging.Ike does not think this is a good idea but he decides to keep quiet rather than offend his fraternity brothers and risk being ridiculed.This illustrates a symptom of:

Accepted Answer

A) groupthink. 
B) deindividuation. 
C) diffusion of responsibility. 
D) self-serving bias. 
A) groupthink. 
B) deindividuation. 
C) diffusion of responsibility. 
D) self-serving bias.

Question 5

Solomon Asch,in his experiments testing conformity,wanted to know what people would do when a group unanimously contradicted an obvious fact.What was found in Asch's studies and in the many replications of his work?

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following

Question 6

Attribution theory examines:

Accepted Answer

A) the explanations a person makes about the causes of behavior. 
B) the psychological traits or "attributes" that a person possesses. 
C) judgments about the personal attributes of others. 
D) predictions about behavior of people in particular situations. 
A) the explanations a person makes about the causes of behavior. 
B) the psychological traits or "attributes" that a person possesses. 
C) judgments about the personal attributes of others. 
D) predictions about behavior of people in particular situations.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT an example of a norm violation?

Accepted Answer

A) students who sit next to strangers in the school cafeteria when other seats are available 
B) individuals in Milgram's study who obeyed the authority and delivered shocks 
C) a woman who hums loudly while waiting in line to buy movie tickets 
D) a man in the U.S.standing so close to an acquaintance that she can feel his breath 
A) students who sit next to strangers in the school cafeteria when other seats are available 
B) individuals in Milgram's study who obeyed the authority and delivered shocks 
C) a woman who hums loudly while waiting in line to buy movie tickets 
D) a man in the U.S.standing so close to an acquaintance that she can feel his breath

Question 8

From the standpoint of social and cultural psychologists:

Accepted Answer

A) few societies have changed from warlike to peaceful and vice versa. 
B) outbreaks of horrifying violence are usually the result of inner aggressive drives and the sheer evilness of the enemy. 
C) all human beings and all cultures contain the potential for good and for evil. 
D) healthy people rarely commit terribly disturbing or violent acts. 
A) few societies have changed from warlike to peaceful and vice versa. 
B) outbreaks of horrifying violence are usually the result of inner aggressive drives and the sheer evilness of the enemy. 
C) all human beings and all cultures contain the potential for good and for evil. 
D) healthy people rarely commit terribly disturbing or violent acts.

Question 9

Critics of the prison study argue that:

Accepted Answer

A) the methodology was flawed because participants were not randomly assigned to either the prisoner condition or the guard condition. 
B) by stopping the study after six days instead of letting it continue for the two-week experimental period, the researchers had not allowed enough time for dramatic change to occur. 
C) a makeshift prison in the basement of a university building is not an effective setting to investigate the factors involved. 
D) the participants had watched television shows and movies which provided script information about how guards and prisoners are supposed to behave. 
A) the methodology was flawed because participants were not randomly assigned to either the prisoner condition or the guard condition. 
B) by stopping the study after six days instead of letting it continue for the two-week experimental period, the researchers had not allowed enough time for dramatic change to occur. 
C) a makeshift prison in the basement of a university building is not an effective setting to investigate the factors involved. 
D) the participants had watched television shows and movies which provided script information about how guards and prisoners are supposed to behave.

Question 10

Stereotypes are useful tools in the mental toolbox,energy-saving devices that allow us to make efficient decisions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Garret has a tendency to take credit for his good actions but he attributes his mistakes to "an off day." This would be an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) the fundamental attribution error. 
B) the validity effect. 
C) the just-world hypothesis. 
D) the self-serving bias. 
A) the fundamental attribution error. 
B) the validity effect. 
C) the just-world hypothesis. 
D) the self-serving bias.

Question 12

Groupthink can be counteracted by creating conditions that:

Accepted Answer

A) foster strong,directive leadership. 
B) base decisions on unanimity instead of majority rule. 
C) explicitly encourage doubt and dissent. 
D) help members focus on being team players. 
A) foster strong,directive leadership. 
B) base decisions on unanimity instead of majority rule. 
C) explicitly encourage doubt and dissent. 
D) help members focus on being team players.

Question 13

Cognitive dissonance is:

Accepted Answer

A) a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent. 
B) the tendency of members of a group to avoid taking responsibility for their actions because they assume that others will do so. 
C) the tendency for members of a close-knit group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement. 
D) a belief that a statement is true just because the person has heard it repeated over and over again. 
A) a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent. 
B) the tendency of members of a group to avoid taking responsibility for their actions because they assume that others will do so. 
C) the tendency for members of a close-knit group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement. 
D) a belief that a statement is true just because the person has heard it repeated over and over again.

Question 14

Individuals who made predictions about Milgram's study on obedience before it began,all said they would disobey the authority figure early in the procedure.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

The "banality of evil" means that:

Accepted Answer

A) all people possess inner aggressive drives. 
B) weak governments become stronger by emphasizing the evilness of other nations. 
C) evil is commonplace,occurring in most societies and nations. 
D) evil acts are committed by evil people. 
A) all people possess inner aggressive drives. 
B) weak governments become stronger by emphasizing the evilness of other nations. 
C) evil is commonplace,occurring in most societies and nations. 
D) evil acts are committed by evil people.

Question 16

_______________ is defined as a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time,money,or effort.

Accepted Answer

A) Obedience 
B) Entrapment 
C) Conformity 
D) Commitment 
A) Obedience 
B) Entrapment 
C) Conformity 
D) Commitment

Question 17

A prejudice consists of a negative stereotype and a strong,unreasonable dislike of a group.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

When people observe that a social norm has been violated,they are more likely to do the same behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

John knows and likes the Mexican minority in town,but he privately believes that Anglo culture is superior.This example illustrates:

Accepted Answer

A) prejudice. 
B) ethnocentrism. 
C) stereotyping. 
D) self-serving bias. 
A) prejudice. 
B) ethnocentrism. 
C) stereotyping. 
D) self-serving bias.

Question 20

Which of the following is an example of entrapment as it relates to obedience?

Accepted Answer

A) A friend who is moving asks you to bring over a few empty boxes; when you arrive he asks you to fill the boxes with dishes,and before you know it,you've packed his kitchen. 
B) A friend convinces you that it would be fun to stand backwards in the checkout line of the grocery store and before you know it,other customers are gawking at you. 
C) A friend states that just because you are the bride there is no reason that you,rather than the groom, should write the thank you cards and before you know it,you are getting the blame. 
D) A friend suggests that in auditioning for the part of James Bond in a local production,you should emphasize his fears as well as his strengths,and before you know it,you are laughed off stage. 
A) A friend who is moving asks you to bring over a few empty boxes; when you arrive he asks you to fill the boxes with dishes,and before you know it,you've packed his kitchen. 
B) A friend convinces you that it would be fun to stand backwards in the checkout line of the grocery store and before you know it,other customers are gawking at you. 
C) A friend states that just because you are the bride there is no reason that you,rather than the groom, should write the thank you cards and before you know it,you are getting the blame. 
D) A friend suggests that in auditioning for the part of James Bond in a local production,you should emphasize his fears as well as his strengths,and before you know it,you are laughed off stage.

Exam 8: Exstintion: Behavior in Social and Cultural Context

The belief that one's own ethnic group,nation,or religion is superior to all others is called:

Results of Stanley Milgram's study on obedience showed that:

Simply exposing people repeatedly to a product can make them like that product more.

The members of Ike's fraternity think blindfolding the initiates and covering them with molasses is a great idea for pledging.Ike does not think this is a good idea but he decides to keep quiet rather than offend his fraternity brothers and risk being ridiculed.This illustrates a symptom of:

Solomon Asch,in his experiments testing conformity,wanted to know what people would do when a group unanimously contradicted an obvious fact.What was found in Asch's studies and in the many replications of his work?

Attribution theory examines:

Which of the following is NOT an example of a norm violation?

From the standpoint of social and cultural psychologists:

Critics of the prison study argue that:

Stereotypes are useful tools in the mental toolbox,energy-saving devices that allow us to make efficient decisions.

Garret has a tendency to take credit for his good actions but he attributes his mistakes to "an off day." This would be an example of:

Groupthink can be counteracted by creating conditions that:

Cognitive dissonance is:

Individuals who made predictions about Milgram's study on obedience before it began,all said they would disobey the authority figure early in the procedure.

The "banality of evil" means that:

_______________ is defined as a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time,money,or effort.

A prejudice consists of a negative stereotype and a strong,unreasonable dislike of a group.

When people observe that a social norm has been violated,they are more likely to do the same behavior.

John knows and likes the Mexican minority in town,but he privately believes that Anglo culture is superior.This example illustrates:

Which of the following is an example of entrapment as it relates to obedience?

What Is Psychology

Exstintion: What Is Psychology

How Psychologists Do Research

Exstintion: How Psychologists Do Research

Genes,evolution,and Environment

Exstintion: Genes,evolution,and Environment

The Brain: Source of Mind and the Self

Exstintion: The Brain: Source of Mind and Self

Body Rhythms and Mental States

Exstintion: Body Rhythms and Mental States

Sensation and Perception

Exstintion: Sensation and Perception

Learning and Conditioning

Exstintion: Learning and Conditioning

Behavior in Social and Cultural Context

Thinking and Intelligence

Memory

Emotion,stress and Health

Motivation

Development Over the Life Span

Theories of Personality

Psychological Disorders

Approaches to Treatment and Therapy

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