Question 1

Teratogens cause abnormal growth specifically in

Accepted Answer

A) Nerve cells 
B) Muscle cells 
C) Embryos 
D) The liver 
E) Skin cells 
A) Nerve cells 
B) Muscle cells 
C) Embryos 
D) The liver 
E) Skin cells

Question 2

Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by exposure to a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) Neurotoxin 
B) Mutagen 
C) Antigen 
D) Teratogen 
E) Allergen 
A) Neurotoxin 
B) Mutagen 
C) Antigen 
D) Teratogen 
E) Allergen

Question 3

Acute effects of a toxin appear

Accepted Answer

A) Only after repeated exposure 
B) Long after exposure 
C) Immediately after exposure 
D) When there is sustained contact 
E) To cause permanent damage if the individual survives the initial exposure 
A) Only after repeated exposure 
B) Long after exposure 
C) Immediately after exposure 
D) When there is sustained contact 
E) To cause permanent damage if the individual survives the initial exposure

Question 4

Toxins can be dangerous in very small concentrations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Allergens are substances that

Accepted Answer

A) Repress the immune system 
B) Stimulate the nervous system 
C) Prevent oxygen uptake 
D) Activate the immune system 
E) Interfere with oxygen uptake 
A) Repress the immune system 
B) Stimulate the nervous system 
C) Prevent oxygen uptake 
D) Activate the immune system 
E) Interfere with oxygen uptake

Question 6

Pathogenic organisms are those that cause diseases.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Diseases usually develop in response to _______ factors.

Accepted Answer

A) Nutritional and diet 
B) Infectious or toxic 
C) Physical 
D) Psychological stress 
E) All of these are correct 
A) Nutritional and diet 
B) Infectious or toxic 
C) Physical 
D) Psychological stress 
E) All of these are correct

Question 8

How many substances is the EPA responsible for monitoring?

Accepted Answer

A) 657 
B) 500 
C) 275 
D) 1,000 
A) 657 
B) 500 
C) 275 
D) 1,000

Question 9

Between 1990 and 2010, what showed the biggest rank increase for the "Leading Causes of Global Disease Burden?"

Accepted Answer

A) HIV/AIDS 
B) Stroke 
C) Diabetes 
D) Malaria 
A) HIV/AIDS 
B) Stroke 
C) Diabetes 
D) Malaria

Question 10

Highly persistent toxic chemicals

Accepted Answer

A) Retain their toxicity as they cycle through the food chain and environment 
B) Lose their toxicity once released in the environment 
C) Accumulate within one organism but break down at higher trophic levels 
D) Are highly unusual among artificial chemicals 
E) Are usually not that toxic in their life span 
A) Retain their toxicity as they cycle through the food chain and environment 
B) Lose their toxicity once released in the environment 
C) Accumulate within one organism but break down at higher trophic levels 
D) Are highly unusual among artificial chemicals 
E) Are usually not that toxic in their life span

Question 11

An LD50 is a dose of a toxic chemical that

Accepted Answer

A) Is an acceptable level of risk for most individuals 
B) All individuals react to 
C) Kills individuals 50 years old and obove 
D) Is 50 times less than the minimal dose 
E) Kills half of the population 
A) Is an acceptable level of risk for most individuals 
B) All individuals react to 
C) Kills individuals 50 years old and obove 
D) Is 50 times less than the minimal dose 
E) Kills half of the population

Question 12

Neurotoxins act by

Accepted Answer

A) Disrupting nerve cells 
B) Altering genetic material 
C) Repressing the immune system 
D) Disrupting normal hormone functions 
E) Causing abnormalities in nervous tissue during embryonic growth and development 
A) Disrupting nerve cells 
B) Altering genetic material 
C) Repressing the immune system 
D) Disrupting normal hormone functions 
E) Causing abnormalities in nervous tissue during embryonic growth and development

Question 13

Which of the following practices contributes the least to antibiotic or pesticide resistance?

Accepted Answer

A) Domestic farm animals are fed low doses of antibiotics to increase weight gain. 
B) A person takes the full course of the appropriate antibiotic when she has a viral infection. 
C) A person takes the full course of the appropriate antibiotic when she has a bacterial infection. 
D) A person takes an anti-malarial drug when he does not have malaria. 
E) Mosquito populations in the tropics have been sprayed with DDT for about 50 years. 
A) Domestic farm animals are fed low doses of antibiotics to increase weight gain. 
B) A person takes the full course of the appropriate antibiotic when she has a viral infection. 
C) A person takes the full course of the appropriate antibiotic when she has a bacterial infection. 
D) A person takes an anti-malarial drug when he does not have malaria. 
E) Mosquito populations in the tropics have been sprayed with DDT for about 50 years.

Question 14

Individuals represented by the right end of the dose/response curve (responding to doses between 30 and 40 ppm) are ____________ to the chemical.

Accepted Answer

A) Very sensitive 
B) Very insensitive 
C) About average in sensitivity 
D) Relatively insensitive 
E) Relatively sensitive 
A) Very sensitive 
B) Very insensitive 
C) About average in sensitivity 
D) Relatively insensitive 
E) Relatively sensitive

Question 15

_______________, rather than ______________, are becoming the leading causes of disability and premature death worldwide.

Accepted Answer

A) Chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease; infectious diseases such as malaria 
B) Infectious diseases such as malaria; chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease 
C) Traffic deaths; infectious diseases such as malaria 
D) Chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease; traffic deaths 
E) Infectious diseases such as malaria; traffic deaths 
A) Chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease; infectious diseases such as malaria 
B) Infectious diseases such as malaria; chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease 
C) Traffic deaths; infectious diseases such as malaria 
D) Chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease; traffic deaths 
E) Infectious diseases such as malaria; traffic deaths

Question 16

Bioaccumulation is important because it allows cells to

Accepted Answer

A) Accumulate essential nutrients and minerals 
B) Rid themselves of waste material 
C) Protect themselves against toxins 
D) Reproduce more quickly 
E) Have a ready source of energy if it is needed 
A) Accumulate essential nutrients and minerals 
B) Rid themselves of waste material 
C) Protect themselves against toxins 
D) Reproduce more quickly 
E) Have a ready source of energy if it is needed

Question 17

Endocrine disruptors

Accepted Answer

A) Disrupt nerve cells 
B) Alter genetic material 
C) Repress the immune system 
D) Disrupt normal hormone functions 
E) Cause abnormalities in nervous tissue during embryonic growth and development 
A) Disrupt nerve cells 
B) Alter genetic material 
C) Repress the immune system 
D) Disrupt normal hormone functions 
E) Cause abnormalities in nervous tissue during embryonic growth and development

Question 18

Two problems encountered in human health risk assessment are _______________________ and ___________________.

Accepted Answer

A) Use of chemical mixtures; lack of knowledge about synergistic effects 
B) Lack of funding for federal mandates; lack of public support 
C) Extrapolation of data to low doses; extrapolation of data from nonhuman species to humans 
D) Lack of planning; the involvement of politics 
E) There are no inherent problems in human health risk assessment 
A) Use of chemical mixtures; lack of knowledge about synergistic effects 
B) Lack of funding for federal mandates; lack of public support 
C) Extrapolation of data to low doses; extrapolation of data from nonhuman species to humans 
D) Lack of planning; the involvement of politics 
E) There are no inherent problems in human health risk assessment

Question 19

Chronic effects of a toxic response

Accepted Answer

A) Are less harmful than acute effects 
B) Can last a long time or be permanent 
C) Rarely show up in time to be diagnosed 
D) Are unlikely to be lethal 
E) Are likely to kill the individual during the initial exposure 
A) Are less harmful than acute effects 
B) Can last a long time or be permanent 
C) Rarely show up in time to be diagnosed 
D) Are unlikely to be lethal 
E) Are likely to kill the individual during the initial exposure

Question 20

An advantage of testing for toxicity by exposing animals to chemicals is that using animals is

Accepted Answer

A) Cheaper than other methods 
B) Faster than other methods 
C) Usually quite humane 
D) Easier than using computer models 
E) A trusted and usually reliable way to get results 
A) Cheaper than other methods 
B) Faster than other methods 
C) Usually quite humane 
D) Easier than using computer models 
E) A trusted and usually reliable way to get results

Exam 8: Environmental Health and Toxicology

Teratogens cause abnormal growth specifically in

Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by exposure to a(n)

Acute effects of a toxin appear

Toxins can be dangerous in very small concentrations.

Allergens are substances that

Pathogenic organisms are those that cause diseases.

Diseases usually develop in response to _______ factors.

How many substances is the EPA responsible for monitoring?

Between 1990 and 2010, what showed the biggest rank increase for the "Leading Causes of Global Disease Burden?"

Highly persistent toxic chemicals

An LD50 is a dose of a toxic chemical that

Neurotoxins act by

Which of the following practices contributes the least to antibiotic or pesticide resistance?

Individuals represented by the right end of the dose/response curve (responding to doses between 30 and 40 ppm) are ____________ to the chemical.

_______________, rather than ______________, are becoming the leading causes of disability and premature death worldwide.

Bioaccumulation is important because it allows cells to

Endocrine disruptors

Two problems encountered in human health risk assessment are _______________________ and ___________________.

Chronic effects of a toxic response

An advantage of testing for toxicity by exposing animals to chemicals is that using animals is

Understanding Our Environment

Principles of Science and Systems

Matter, Energy, and Life

Evolution, Biological Communities, and Species Interactions

Biomes

Population Biology

Human Populations

Food and Hunger

Farming: Conventional and Sustainable Practices

Biodiversity

Biodiversity: Preserving Landscapes

Restoration Ecology

Geology and Earth Resources

Climate Change

Air Pollution

Water Use and Management

Water Pollution

Conventional Energy

Sustainable Energy

Solid, Toxic, and Hazardous Waste

Urbanization and Sustainable Cities

Ecological Economics

Environmental Policy, Law, and Planning

What Then Shall We Do

Filters

_, rather than , are becoming the leading causes of disability and premature death worldwide.

Two problems encountered in human health risk assessment are _____ and _.