Question 1

Most of the known neurotransmitters are synthesized from amino acids.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal.

Accepted Answer

A)  chloride 
B)  bicarbonate 
C)  calcium 
D)  oxygen 
A)  chloride 
B)  bicarbonate 
C)  calcium 
D)  oxygen

Question 3

What is one factor in determining whether a drug that readily attaches to a receptor will have agonistic or antagonistic effects?

Accepted Answer

A)  its affinity for the receptor 
B)  its efficacy 
C)  the neurotransmitter than normally attaches to that receptor 
D)  its electrical charge 
A)  its affinity for the receptor 
B)  its efficacy 
C)  the neurotransmitter than normally attaches to that receptor 
D)  its electrical charge

Question 4

Briefly describe why synapses are a "decision maker."

Accepted Answer

Synapses are often referred to as "decis

Question 5

A hormone is a chemical that is:

Accepted Answer

A)  secreted by a gland to the outside world. 
B)  conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences. 
C)  capable of activating or inhibiting muscle fibers. 
D)  a feedback message from the postsynaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron. 
A)  secreted by a gland to the outside world. 
B)  conveyed by the blood to other organs, whose activity it influences. 
C)  capable of activating or inhibiting muscle fibers. 
D)  a feedback message from the postsynaptic neuron to the presynaptic neuron.

Question 6

Endogenous cannabinoids act to:

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons. 
B)  block reuptake of neurotransmitter. 
C)  stimulate release of dopamine. 
D)  decrease synthesis of neurotransmitter. 
A)  decrease neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons. 
B)  block reuptake of neurotransmitter. 
C)  stimulate release of dopamine. 
D)  decrease synthesis of neurotransmitter.

Question 7

Opiates work at the pain receptors in the skin.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

A receptor can directly open a channel exerting a(n) ____ effect or it can produce slower but longer ____ effects.

Accepted Answer

A)  gated; metabotropic 
B)  ionotropic; gated 
C)  metabotropic; ionotropic 
D)  ionotropic; metabotropic 
A)  gated; metabotropic 
B)  ionotropic; gated 
C)  metabotropic; ionotropic 
D)  ionotropic; metabotropic

Question 9

What causes an EPSP?

Accepted Answer

A)  the deactivation of cytoplasmic enzymes 
B)  the opening of sodium channels 
C)  the opening of potassium channels 
D)  inherited paranormal psychic abilities 
A)  the deactivation of cytoplasmic enzymes 
B)  the opening of sodium channels 
C)  the opening of potassium channels 
D)  inherited paranormal psychic abilities

Question 10

"Transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters:

Accepted Answer

A)  back into the presynaptic neuron. 
B)  across the synapse to the postsynaptic neuron. 
C)  across the synapse back to the presynaptic neuron. 
D)  to the appropriate receptor sites. 
A)  back into the presynaptic neuron. 
B)  across the synapse to the postsynaptic neuron. 
C)  across the synapse back to the presynaptic neuron. 
D)  to the appropriate receptor sites.

Question 11

Which of the following activities does NOT stimulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens?

Accepted Answer

A)  gambling 
B)  sexual excitement 
C)  video games 
D)  running 
A)  gambling 
B)  sexual excitement 
C)  video games 
D)  running

Question 12

The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  a reflex arc. 
B)  a synapse. 
C)  flexion. 
D)  extension. 
A)  a reflex arc. 
B)  a synapse. 
C)  flexion. 
D)  extension.

Question 13

The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters are:

Accepted Answer

A)  amino acids. 
B)  nitric oxide. 
C)  sugars. 
D)  carbohydrates. 
A)  amino acids. 
B)  nitric oxide. 
C)  sugars. 
D)  carbohydrates.

Question 14

Nitric oxide's value is that it:

Accepted Answer

A)  increases blood flow to certain areas of the brain. 
B)  restricts blood flow to certain areas of the brain. 
C)  increases growth of microglia. 
D)  decreases growth of microglia. 
A)  increases blood flow to certain areas of the brain. 
B)  restricts blood flow to certain areas of the brain. 
C)  increases growth of microglia. 
D)  decreases growth of microglia.

Question 15

The effectiveness and side-effects of a drug vary from one person to the next. One reason for this is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  most drugs are chemically unstable, resulting in unpredictable effects. 
B)  most drugs interact with the diet to produce variable effects. 
C)  each drug tends to affect more than one kind of synapse. 
D)  drugs will break down neurotransmitters into different component parts in different people. 
A)  most drugs are chemically unstable, resulting in unpredictable effects. 
B)  most drugs interact with the diet to produce variable effects. 
C)  each drug tends to affect more than one kind of synapse. 
D)  drugs will break down neurotransmitters into different component parts in different people.

Question 16

A metabotropic synapse, by way of its second messenger, ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  has effects localized to one point on the membrane 
B)  can influence activity in much of the presynaptic cell 
C)  can influence activity in much or all of the postsynaptic cell 
D)  has minimal effect on the postsynaptic cell 
A)  has effects localized to one point on the membrane 
B)  can influence activity in much of the presynaptic cell 
C)  can influence activity in much or all of the postsynaptic cell 
D)  has minimal effect on the postsynaptic cell

Question 17

What is the most unusual thing about the neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO)?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is found only in sensory neurons. 
B)  It is both excitatory and inhibitory. 
C)  It is normally a poisonous gas. 
D)  It is also known as "laughing gas." 
A)  It is found only in sensory neurons. 
B)  It is both excitatory and inhibitory. 
C)  It is normally a poisonous gas. 
D)  It is also known as "laughing gas."

Question 18

A neurotransmitter receptor is:

Accepted Answer

A)  a protein embedded in the membrane. 
B)  a channel in the membrane. 
C)  found only on the soma. 
D)  activated similarly for all neurotransmitters. 
A)  a protein embedded in the membrane. 
B)  a channel in the membrane. 
C)  found only on the soma. 
D)  activated similarly for all neurotransmitters.

Question 19

Anandamide and 2-AG are believed to be the naturally occurring neurotransmitters that bind to the same receptors as which drug?

Accepted Answer

A)  heroin 
B)  cocaine 
C)  alcohol 
D)  marijuana 
A)  heroin 
B)  cocaine 
C)  alcohol 
D)  marijuana

Question 20

Ionotropic effects:

Accepted Answer

A)  depolarize the postsynaptic membrane. 
B)  hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane. 
C)  may depolarize or hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane. 
D)  enhance the reabsorption of neurotransmitters. 
A)  depolarize the postsynaptic membrane. 
B)  hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane. 
C)  may depolarize or hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane. 
D)  enhance the reabsorption of neurotransmitters.

Most of the known neurotransmitters are synthesized from amino acids.

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal.

What is one factor in determining whether a drug that readily attaches to a receptor will have agonistic or antagonistic effects?

Briefly describe why synapses are a "decision maker."

A hormone is a chemical that is:

Endogenous cannabinoids act to:

Opiates work at the pain receptors in the skin.

A receptor can directly open a channel exerting a(n) effect or it can produce slower but longer effects.

What causes an EPSP?

"Transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters:

Which of the following activities does NOT stimulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens?

The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response is called:

The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters are:

Nitric oxide's value is that it:

The effectiveness and side-effects of a drug vary from one person to the next. One reason for this is that:

A metabotropic synapse, by way of its second messenger, ____.

What is the most unusual thing about the neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO)?

A neurotransmitter receptor is:

Anandamide and 2-AG are believed to be the naturally occurring neurotransmitters that bind to the same receptors as which drug?

Ionotropic effects:

The Major Issues

Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

Anatomy of the Nervous System

Development and Plasticity of the Brain

Vision

The Other Sensory Systems

Movement

Wakefulness and Sleep

Internal Regulation

Reproductive Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors

The Biology of Learning and Memory

Cognitive Functions

Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

Filters

Exam 3: Synapses

Most of the known neurotransmitters are synthesized from amino acids.

When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ____ channels in the axon terminal.

What is one factor in determining whether a drug that readily attaches to a receptor will have agonistic or antagonistic effects?

Briefly describe why synapses are a "decision maker."

A hormone is a chemical that is:

Endogenous cannabinoids act to:

Opiates work at the pain receptors in the skin.

A receptor can directly open a channel exerting a(n) ____ effect or it can produce slower but longer ____ effects.

What causes an EPSP?

"Transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters:

Which of the following activities does NOT stimulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens?

The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response is called:

The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters are:

Nitric oxide's value is that it:

The effectiveness and side-effects of a drug vary from one person to the next. One reason for this is that:

A metabotropic synapse, by way of its second messenger, ____.

What is the most unusual thing about the neurotransmitter nitric oxide (NO)?

A neurotransmitter receptor is:

Anandamide and 2-AG are believed to be the naturally occurring neurotransmitters that bind to the same receptors as which drug?

Ionotropic effects:

The Major Issues

Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

Anatomy of the Nervous System

Development and Plasticity of the Brain

Vision

The Other Sensory Systems

Movement

Wakefulness and Sleep

Internal Regulation

Reproductive Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors

The Biology of Learning and Memory

Cognitive Functions

Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia

Filters

A receptor can directly open a channel exerting a(n) effect or it can produce slower but longer effects.