Question 1

Band- and tribal-level societies actively promote craft and task specialization.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

A mode of production is a way of organizing production,whereas the means of production include the factors of production such as land,labor,and technology.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 3

In which food production system does part of the group's population accompany the herds to distant pastures and the remaining population maintain year-round villages and grow crops?

Accepted Answer

A)  pastoral nomadic 
B)  transhumance 
C)  mixed specialization 
D)  intensive agriculturalist 
E)  modified foraging 
A)  pastoral nomadic 
B)  transhumance 
C)  mixed specialization 
D)  intensive agriculturalist 
E)  modified foraging B

Question 4

This chapter's description of the San Bushmen's relation to the government of Botswana provides a telling example of how

Accepted Answer

A)  foragers are willingly choosing to change their lifestyles and become a part of the global village. 
B)  foraging communities' identities are being reshaped by their relation with NGOs. 
C)  the foraging lifestyle has finally become a thing of the past. 
D)  more and more foragers have come under the control of nation-states and are now influenced by the forces of globalization. 
E)  human rights are limited. 
A)  foragers are willingly choosing to change their lifestyles and become a part of the global village. 
B)  foraging communities' identities are being reshaped by their relation with NGOs. 
C)  the foraging lifestyle has finally become a thing of the past. 
D)  more and more foragers have come under the control of nation-states and are now influenced by the forces of globalization. 
E)  human rights are limited.

Question 5

Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies?

Accepted Answer

A)  social stratification 
B)  sedentism 
C)  egalitarianism 
D)  irrigation 
E)  large populations 
A)  social stratification 
B)  sedentism 
C)  egalitarianism 
D)  irrigation 
E)  large populations

Question 6

Unlike in industrial societies,where economic alienation is common,in nonindustrial societies

Accepted Answer

A)  alienation is pervasive. 
B)  alienation is suffered only among the poorer classes. 
C)  social relations are embedded in all relations except the economic ones. 
D)  the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects. 
E)  alienation is an ascribed status. 
A)  alienation is pervasive. 
B)  alienation is suffered only among the poorer classes. 
C)  social relations are embedded in all relations except the economic ones. 
D)  the relations of production, distribution, and consumption are social relations with economic aspects. 
E)  alienation is an ascribed status.

Question 7

What are the basic differences and similarities between horticultural and foraging populations? Indicate reasons for the contrasts.

Accepted Answer

Horticultural and foraging populations h

Question 8

List the first four of Cohen's adaptive strategies and summarize the key features of each.What are the correlated variables for each strategy?

Accepted Answer

Cohen's adaptive strategies are a set of

Question 9

Despite differences arising from environmental variation,all foraging economies have shared one essential feature:

Accepted Answer

A)  their emphasis on devising new forms of organic pesticides. 
B)  their reliance on welfare supplied by state-level societies. 
C)  their willingness to test out new food-producing technologies to see if they are any better than what they are used to. 
D)  their interest in developing irrigation technologies to control sources of water. 
E)  their reliance on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals. 
A)  their emphasis on devising new forms of organic pesticides. 
B)  their reliance on welfare supplied by state-level societies. 
C)  their willingness to test out new food-producing technologies to see if they are any better than what they are used to. 
D)  their interest in developing irrigation technologies to control sources of water. 
E)  their reliance on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the reproduction of plants and animals.

Question 10

Because nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture,it is useful to discuss cultivators as being arranged along a cultivation continuum.Which of the following generally occurs in moving toward the more intensive end of the cultivating continuum?

Accepted Answer

A)  increased leisure time 
B)  improved overall health status of the population 
C)  increased egalitarianism 
D)  increasing economic specialization 
E)  longer fallow periods 
A)  increased leisure time 
B)  improved overall health status of the population 
C)  increased egalitarianism 
D)  increasing economic specialization 
E)  longer fallow periods

Question 11

The market principle dominates economic activities in band-level foraging societies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

In recent times,many foraging groups have been exposed to the idea of food production but have not adopted it.Why?

Accepted Answer

A)  They did not have the skills or tools to do so. 
B)  Their own economies provided a perfectly adequate and nutritious diet, with a lot less work. 
C)  People naturally resist change, especially foragers. 
D)  They had to ask permission from the state to do so. 
E)  They did not realize the advantages of food production. 
A)  They did not have the skills or tools to do so. 
B)  Their own economies provided a perfectly adequate and nutritious diet, with a lot less work. 
C)  People naturally resist change, especially foragers. 
D)  They had to ask permission from the state to do so. 
E)  They did not realize the advantages of food production.

Question 13

Yehudi Cohen's adaptive strategies

Accepted Answer

A)  suggest hypothetical correlations-that is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables. 
B)  suggest multidirectional relationships between a society's mean and its mode of production. 
C)  suggest that economic systems are a better way of categorizing societies than relying on cultural patterns. 
D)  suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features. 
E)  have strong predictive powers when analyzed in computer models. 
A)  suggest hypothetical correlations-that is, a causal relation between two or more variables, such as economic and cultural variables. 
B)  suggest multidirectional relationships between a society's mean and its mode of production. 
C)  suggest that economic systems are a better way of categorizing societies than relying on cultural patterns. 
D)  suggest an association between the economies of societies and their social features. 
E)  have strong predictive powers when analyzed in computer models.

Question 14

Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main questions,one focusing on systems of human behavior and the other on the individuals who participate in those systems.The first question is: How are production,distribution,and consumption organized in different societies? The second question is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Why has the myth of the profit-maximizing individual been so pervasive, despite evidence to the contrary? 
B)  What are the best ways to convince individuals in funding agencies of the value of ethnographic knowledge in the realm of economics? 
C)  What encourages overconsumption in Western economies? 
D)  What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume? 
E)  What has been the impact of globalization at the level of individuals? 
A)  Why has the myth of the profit-maximizing individual been so pervasive, despite evidence to the contrary? 
B)  What are the best ways to convince individuals in funding agencies of the value of ethnographic knowledge in the realm of economics? 
C)  What encourages overconsumption in Western economies? 
D)  What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume? 
E)  What has been the impact of globalization at the level of individuals?

Question 15

Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming that often uses slash-and-burn techniques to clear land.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Which of the following statements about irrigation is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Irrigated fields typically increase in value through time. 
B)  Irrigation is one of the defining characteristics of foraging societies. 
C)  Irrigation usually enriches the soil. 
D)  The Betsileo of Madagascar used irrigation intensively. 
E)  Irrigation fields are labor intensive compared to swidden (burned over) fields. 
A)  Irrigated fields typically increase in value through time. 
B)  Irrigation is one of the defining characteristics of foraging societies. 
C)  Irrigation usually enriches the soil. 
D)  The Betsileo of Madagascar used irrigation intensively. 
E)  Irrigation fields are labor intensive compared to swidden (burned over) fields.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about potlatching is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Potlatching is an example of competitive feasting. 
B)  Potlatching was misinterpreted as a classical case of economically wasteful behavior. 
C)  Potlatching is a form of exchange that has long-term adaptive value. 
D)  Potlatching is a case that proves that the profit-maximizing motive is a human universal. 
E)  Potlatching is well documented among Native American communities of the North Pacific Coast of North America. 
A)  Potlatching is an example of competitive feasting. 
B)  Potlatching was misinterpreted as a classical case of economically wasteful behavior. 
C)  Potlatching is a form of exchange that has long-term adaptive value. 
D)  Potlatching is a case that proves that the profit-maximizing motive is a human universal. 
E)  Potlatching is well documented among Native American communities of the North Pacific Coast of North America.

Question 18

With balanced reciprocity,the giver expects something in return equal to what was given.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

What is a mode of production?

Accepted Answer

A)  a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture or international mercantilism 
B)  the land, labor, technology, and capital of production 
C)  the way a society's social relations are organized to produce the labor necessary for generating the society's subsistence and energy needs 
D)  whether a society is foraging, horticulturalist, or agriculturalist 
E)  the cultural aspect of any given economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry 
A)  a postindustrial adaptive strategy, such as commercial agriculture or international mercantilism 
B)  the land, labor, technology, and capital of production 
C)  the way a society's social relations are organized to produce the labor necessary for generating the society's subsistence and energy needs 
D)  whether a society is foraging, horticulturalist, or agriculturalist 
E)  the cultural aspect of any given economy, such as changing fashions in the textile and clothing industry

Question 20

Throughout the many years that Kottak has been doing research among the nonindustrial Betsileo of Madagascar,he has witnessed the impact of globalization on their livelihood.All of the following have threatened the traditional fabric of Betsileo life EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  agricultural intensification caused by population pressure. 
B)  the breakdown of social and political order, fueled by an increasing demand for cash. 
C)  the growing threat of cattle thieves, some of them relatively well-educated young men looking to make some cash. 
D)  the increased presence of anthropologists collaborating with local leaders to preserve their ancestral lands. 
E)  emigration. 
A)  agricultural intensification caused by population pressure. 
B)  the breakdown of social and political order, fueled by an increasing demand for cash. 
C)  the growing threat of cattle thieves, some of them relatively well-educated young men looking to make some cash. 
D)  the increased presence of anthropologists collaborating with local leaders to preserve their ancestral lands. 
E)  emigration.

Exam 16: Making a Living

Band- and tribal-level societies actively promote craft and task specialization.

A mode of production is a way of organizing production,whereas the means of production include the factors of production such as land,labor,and technology.

In which food production system does part of the group's population accompany the herds to distant pastures and the remaining population maintain year-round villages and grow crops?

This chapter's description of the San Bushmen's relation to the government of Botswana provides a telling example of how

Which of the following is a characteristic of most foraging societies?

Unlike in industrial societies,where economic alienation is common,in nonindustrial societies

What are the basic differences and similarities between horticultural and foraging populations? Indicate reasons for the contrasts.

List the first four of Cohen's adaptive strategies and summarize the key features of each.What are the correlated variables for each strategy?

Despite differences arising from environmental variation,all foraging economies have shared one essential feature:

Because nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture,it is useful to discuss cultivators as being arranged along a cultivation continuum.Which of the following generally occurs in moving toward the more intensive end of the cultivating continuum?

The market principle dominates economic activities in band-level foraging societies.

In recent times,many foraging groups have been exposed to the idea of food production but have not adopted it.Why?

Yehudi Cohen's adaptive strategies

Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming that often uses slash-and-burn techniques to clear land.

Which of the following statements about irrigation is NOT true?

Which of the following statements about potlatching is NOT true?

With balanced reciprocity,the giver expects something in return equal to what was given.

What is a mode of production?

Throughout the many years that Kottak has been doing research among the nonindustrial Betsileo of Madagascar,he has witnessed the impact of globalization on their livelihood.All of the following have threatened the traditional fabric of Betsileo life EXCEPT

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