Question 1

Darwin and Wallace simultaneously proposed which of the following theoretical models?

Accepted Answer

A)  evolution 
B)  natural selection 
C)  creationism 
D)  uniformitarianism 
E)  transformism 
A)  evolution 
B)  natural selection 
C)  creationism 
D)  uniformitarianism 
E)  transformism

Question 2

DNA molecules

Accepted Answer

A)  were discovered in the decade after Darwin's death. 
B)  make up genes and chromosomes, which are basic hereditary units. 
C)  initiate and guide the construction of complex sugars. 
D)  are made up of three bases: adenine, cytosine, and factor. 
E)  are the messenger molecules of RNA. 
A)  were discovered in the decade after Darwin's death. 
B)  make up genes and chromosomes, which are basic hereditary units. 
C)  initiate and guide the construction of complex sugars. 
D)  are made up of three bases: adenine, cytosine, and factor. 
E)  are the messenger molecules of RNA.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about natural selection is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Natural selection operates directly on genetic variety. 
B)  Natural selection is the sum of environmental forces that conditions the survival of particular phenotypes. 
C)  Natural selection operates with respect to specific environments. 
D)  Natural selection is responsible for the maintenance of sickle hemoglobin polymorphism. 
E)  Natural selection was first scientifically described by Darwin and Wallace. 
A)  Natural selection operates directly on genetic variety. 
B)  Natural selection is the sum of environmental forces that conditions the survival of particular phenotypes. 
C)  Natural selection operates with respect to specific environments. 
D)  Natural selection is responsible for the maintenance of sickle hemoglobin polymorphism. 
E)  Natural selection was first scientifically described by Darwin and Wallace.

Question 4

What does the term gene flow refer to?

Accepted Answer

A)  the random loss of genes through sampling error 
B)  the genetic mutations that occur during meiosis 
C)  the movement of alleles from one chromosome to another 
D)  the exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species 
E)  a random pattern of chromosome mutations 
A)  the random loss of genes through sampling error 
B)  the genetic mutations that occur during meiosis 
C)  the movement of alleles from one chromosome to another 
D)  the exchange of genetic material between populations of the same species 
E)  a random pattern of chromosome mutations

Question 5

How have modern-day creationists sometimes misunderstood the contrast between microevolution and macroevolution to comment on evolution?

Accepted Answer

A)  by noting that no degree of phenotypical difference is implied by the term macroevolution 
B)  by suggesting that macroevolution, in contrast to microevolution, cannot be demonstrated based on the fossil record 
C)  by suggesting that speciation occurs after intense competition 
D)  by avoiding the sharp contrast between microevolution and macroevolution 
E)  by arguing that the fossil record supports macroevolution but not microevolution 
A)  by noting that no degree of phenotypical difference is implied by the term macroevolution 
B)  by suggesting that macroevolution, in contrast to microevolution, cannot be demonstrated based on the fossil record 
C)  by suggesting that speciation occurs after intense competition 
D)  by avoiding the sharp contrast between microevolution and macroevolution 
E)  by arguing that the fossil record supports macroevolution but not microevolution

Question 6

Mendel's concept of independent assortment is based on the fact that individual traits are inherited independently of one another.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Adaptive traits are

Accepted Answer

A)  favored by natural selection. 
B)  caused by mutation. 
C)  not selected from one generation to the next. 
D)  selected against. 
E)  usually recessive alleles. 
A)  favored by natural selection. 
B)  caused by mutation. 
C)  not selected from one generation to the next. 
D)  selected against. 
E)  usually recessive alleles.

Question 8

This chapter describes the case of giraffes' long necks to illustrate how natural selection works on variety within a population. This explanation contrasts with the incorrect alternative of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, which suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)  in each generation, individual giraffes strain their necks to reach food just a bit higher, and that this straining somehow modifies their genetic material. 
B)  in each generation, individual giraffes mate with giraffes having longer necks because they are better at getting food, and their offspring's neck size results in an average of the parents' neck sizes. 
C)  a need for a longer neck activates the long-neck gene throughout development. 
D)  natural selection works on the genotype, not the phenotype. 
E)  the presence of variety among a population works against the advantages of natural selection. 
A)  in each generation, individual giraffes strain their necks to reach food just a bit higher, and that this straining somehow modifies their genetic material. 
B)  in each generation, individual giraffes mate with giraffes having longer necks because they are better at getting food, and their offspring's neck size results in an average of the parents' neck sizes. 
C)  a need for a longer neck activates the long-neck gene throughout development. 
D)  natural selection works on the genotype, not the phenotype. 
E)  the presence of variety among a population works against the advantages of natural selection.

Question 9

In the debate of how speciation occurs, advocates of punctuated equilibrium

Accepted Answer

A)  describe macroevolution as the gradual accumulation of evolutionary changes over time. 
B)  agree with the advocates of intelligent design on views about the flaws in fossil-dating techniques. 
C)  define species the same way creationists and gradualists do. 
D)  have revived Darwin's classic description of change over time. 
E)  suggest that long periods of stasis (stability), during which species change little, are interrupted by evolutionary leaps. 
A)  describe macroevolution as the gradual accumulation of evolutionary changes over time. 
B)  agree with the advocates of intelligent design on views about the flaws in fossil-dating techniques. 
C)  define species the same way creationists and gradualists do. 
D)  have revived Darwin's classic description of change over time. 
E)  suggest that long periods of stasis (stability), during which species change little, are interrupted by evolutionary leaps.

Question 10

The intelligent design (ID) movement asserts that life forms are too complex to have been formed by natural processes and must therefore have been created by a higher intelligence. Attempts have been made to teach ID as an alternative theory to Darwinian evolution in biology classes in several states in the United States.

Accepted Answer

A)  as a Pennsylvania district judge ruled in a 2005 case, ID violates the ground rules of science by invoking supernatural causation and making assertions that cannot be tested or falsified, and thus does not belong in a school's science curriculum. 
B)  ID should be taught as a hypothesis of human origins, not a theory. 
C)  ID should not be taught in schools, since it lacks a research and testing program and is unsupported by peer-reviewed research. 
D)  the teaching of ID should be restricted to extracurricular activities, since it holds no scientific or cultural value. 
E)  these attempts have always failed, because ID's proponents argue that it should be taught in place of Darwinian evolution. 
A)  as a Pennsylvania district judge ruled in a 2005 case, ID violates the ground rules of science by invoking supernatural causation and making assertions that cannot be tested or falsified, and thus does not belong in a school's science curriculum. 
B)  ID should be taught as a hypothesis of human origins, not a theory. 
C)  ID should not be taught in schools, since it lacks a research and testing program and is unsupported by peer-reviewed research. 
D)  the teaching of ID should be restricted to extracurricular activities, since it holds no scientific or cultural value. 
E)  these attempts have always failed, because ID's proponents argue that it should be taught in place of Darwinian evolution.

Question 11

Genotype refers to expressed traits based on their genetic makeup.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Gregor Mendel's work with hereditary traits of pea plants

Accepted Answer

A)  confirmed the paint-pot theory of inheritance. 
B)  was the basis for Darwin's theory of evolution. 
C)  led to the formulation of the law of independent assortment. 
D)  discredited the phenomenon of balanced polymorphism. 
E)  proved that natural selection operates on genotypes. 
A)  confirmed the paint-pot theory of inheritance. 
B)  was the basis for Darwin's theory of evolution. 
C)  led to the formulation of the law of independent assortment. 
D)  discredited the phenomenon of balanced polymorphism. 
E)  proved that natural selection operates on genotypes.

Question 13

One of anthropology's main lessons is that biology, language, and culture do not go together in neat bundles. Using the knowledge you have gained from this chapter, explain what this statement means, and provide examples that support your answer.

Accepted Answer

This statement means that the relationsh

Question 14

Darwin proposed the theory of evolution, although the fact of evolution was known well before his work.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Recessive traits are expressed only in homozygous individuals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

The inheritance of acquired characteristics is central to Darwin's theory of evolution.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The HbS allele has been maintained in certain populations in Africa, India, and the Mediterranean because heterozygous individuals with this allele are less susceptible to malaria.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Identify and discuss Charles Darwin's major contribution to the study of life forms. What was new about Darwin's views, and what had previously been proposed by others?

Accepted Answer

Charles Darwin's major contribution to t

Question 19

Why are genetics and evolution so important to anthropology?

Accepted Answer

A)  They give anthropology some credibility as a scientific field. 
B)  They provide the key to understanding the rate of environmental change throughout human history. 
C)  They define humans' position at the top of the hierarchy of biological diversity. 
D)  They help anthropologists document and explain human biological diversity. 
E)  They determine the clear distinction between biological and cultural forces acting through human history. 
A)  They give anthropology some credibility as a scientific field. 
B)  They provide the key to understanding the rate of environmental change throughout human history. 
C)  They define humans' position at the top of the hierarchy of biological diversity. 
D)  They help anthropologists document and explain human biological diversity. 
E)  They determine the clear distinction between biological and cultural forces acting through human history.

Question 20

Directional selection works to reduce genetic variation by removing maladaptive traits from the gene pool.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 5: Evolution and Genetics

Darwin and Wallace simultaneously proposed which of the following theoretical models?

DNA molecules

Which of the following statements about natural selection is NOT true?

What does the term gene flow refer to?

How have modern-day creationists sometimes misunderstood the contrast between microevolution and macroevolution to comment on evolution?

Mendel's concept of independent assortment is based on the fact that individual traits are inherited independently of one another.

Adaptive traits are

This chapter describes the case of giraffes' long necks to illustrate how natural selection works on variety within a population. This explanation contrasts with the incorrect alternative of the inheritance of acquired characteristics, which suggests that

In the debate of how speciation occurs, advocates of punctuated equilibrium

Genotype refers to expressed traits based on their genetic makeup.

Gregor Mendel's work with hereditary traits of pea plants

One of anthropology's main lessons is that biology, language, and culture do not go together in neat bundles. Using the knowledge you have gained from this chapter, explain what this statement means, and provide examples that support your answer.

Darwin proposed the theory of evolution, although the fact of evolution was known well before his work.

Recessive traits are expressed only in homozygous individuals.

The inheritance of acquired characteristics is central to Darwin's theory of evolution.

The HbS allele has been maintained in certain populations in Africa, India, and the Mediterranean because heterozygous individuals with this allele are less susceptible to malaria.

Identify and discuss Charles Darwin's major contribution to the study of life forms. What was new about Darwin's views, and what had previously been proposed by others?

Why are genetics and evolution so important to anthropology?

Directional selection works to reduce genetic variation by removing maladaptive traits from the gene pool.

What Is Anthropology

Culture

Applying Anthropology

Doing Archaeology and Biological Anthropology

Human Variation and Adaptation

The Primates

Early Hominins

Archaic Homo

The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans

The First Farmers

The First Cities and States

Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology

Language and Communication

Ethnicity and Race

Making a Living

Political Systems

Gender

Families, Kinship, and Descent

Marriage

Religion

Arts, Media, and Sports

The World System and Colonialism

Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World

Filters

The Hb^S allele has been maintained in certain populations in Africa, India, and the Mediterranean because heterozygous individuals with this allele are less susceptible to malaria.