Question 1

The first phase of agglutination represents:

Accepted Answer

A)  physical attachment of antibody molecules to antigens on the erythrocytic membrane. 
B)  physical attachment of antigens to antibody molecules on the erythrocytic membrane. 
C)  a reversible chemical reaction. 
D)  both a and c 
A)  physical attachment of antibody molecules to antigens on the erythrocytic membrane. 
B)  physical attachment of antigens to antibody molecules on the erythrocytic membrane. 
C)  a reversible chemical reaction. 
D)  both a and c D

Question 2

Match the cause of a false-positive agglutination reaction with the appropriate corrective measure. 
  
-Autoagglutination

Accepted Answer

A) Use a control with saline and no antibody. 
B) Read reactions exactly as specified. 
C) Calibrate centrifuge to proper speed and time. 
D) Use positive and negative QC cells. 
A) Use a control with saline and no antibody. 
B) Read reactions exactly as specified. 
C) Calibrate centrifuge to proper speed and time. 
D) Use positive and negative QC cells. A

Question 3

In a group A patient's reverse serum testing,the cells and serum agglutinate because:

Accepted Answer

A)  group A antigen is present on the patient's erythrocytes. 
B)  group A antigen is present in the patient's serum. 
C)  anti-group A is present in the patient's serum. 
D)  both a and c 
A)  group A antigen is present on the patient's erythrocytes. 
B)  group A antigen is present in the patient's serum. 
C)  anti-group A is present in the patient's serum. 
D)  both a and c A

Question 4

Match the type of immunoglobulin with the optimal thermal range.

-IgG

Accepted Answer

A) 4° to 22° C 
B) 18° to 22° C 
C) 37° C 
D) 56° C 
A) 4° to 22° C 
B) 18° to 22° C 
C) 37° C 
D) 56° C

Question 5

Match the cause of a false-negative agglutination reaction with the appropriate corrective measure. 
 
-Postzone phenomenon

Accepted Answer

A) Dilute patient's serum and retest. 
B) Wash cells according to directions;use positive and negative quality control (Q
C) steps. 
C) Repeat blood specimen should be collected a week or more later. 
D) Calibrate centrifuge to proper speed and time. 
A) Dilute patient's serum and retest. 
B) Wash cells according to directions;use positive and negative quality control (Q
C) steps. 
C) Repeat blood specimen should be collected a week or more later. 
D) Calibrate centrifuge to proper speed and time.

Question 6

Match the grade of the agglutination reaction with the appropriate description. 
 
-Weak (±)

Accepted Answer

A) Tiny aggregates 
B) No aggregates 
C) Medium-sized aggregates,some free red blood cells (RBCs) 
D) Clear supernatant 
A) Tiny aggregates 
B) No aggregates 
C) Medium-sized aggregates,some free red blood cells (RBCs) 
D) Clear supernatant

Question 7

If a slide agglutination test is rotated for less than 1 minute,as the directions specify,what source of error can occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  Possible false-positive 
B)  Possible false-negative 
C)  Depends on the amount of antibody present in the sample 
D)  No effect on the results 
A)  Possible false-positive 
B)  Possible false-negative 
C)  Depends on the amount of antibody present in the sample 
D)  No effect on the results

Question 8

With agglutination inhibition in pregnancy testing,a negative result is evidenced by:

Accepted Answer

A)  agglutination. 
B)  no agglutination. 
A)  agglutination. 
B)  no agglutination.

Question 9

MATCHING
Match the following terms with the correct definition.

-Flocculation

Accepted Answer

A) Uses antibodies bound to a particle to enhance the visibility of the reaction 
B) Based on the interaction of soluble antigen with antibody 
C) Detects antibodies with erythrocyte antigens 
A) Uses antibodies bound to a particle to enhance the visibility of the reaction 
B) Based on the interaction of soluble antigen with antibody 
C) Detects antibodies with erythrocyte antigens

Question 10

An artificial carrier could be:

Accepted Answer

A)  latex particles. 
B)  colloidal charcoal. 
C)  erythrocytes coated with antigen. 
D)  both a and b 
A)  latex particles. 
B)  colloidal charcoal. 
C)  erythrocytes coated with antigen. 
D)  both a and b

Question 11

The definition of the term agglutination is the:

Accepted Answer

A)  visible expression of the aggregation of antigens and antibodies. 
B)  formation of a framework in which antigen particles or molecules alternate with antibody molecules. 
C)  term used to describe the aggregation of particulate test antigens. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  visible expression of the aggregation of antigens and antibodies. 
B)  formation of a framework in which antigen particles or molecules alternate with antibody molecules. 
C)  term used to describe the aggregation of particulate test antigens. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 12

The most efficient type of antibodies in agglutination reactions are:

Accepted Answer

A)  IgM. 
B)  IgG. 
C)  IgD. 
D)  IgE. 
A)  IgM. 
B)  IgG. 
C)  IgD. 
D)  IgE.

Question 13

Match the term with the appropriate description.

-Postzone phenomenon

Accepted Answer

A) The zone in which optimum precipitation occurs 
B) An excessive antibody concentration that produces a FALSE -negative reaction 
C) An excessive antigen concentration that results in no lattice formation 
D) An equal amount of antigen and antibody concentrations 
A) The zone in which optimum precipitation occurs 
B) An excessive antibody concentration that produces a FALSE -negative reaction 
C) An excessive antigen concentration that results in no lattice formation 
D) An equal amount of antigen and antibody concentrations

Question 14

All the following procedures are typically performed by latex agglutination or latex agglutination inhibition assays except:

Accepted Answer

A)  C-reactive protein (CRP). 
B)  rheumatoid factors (IgG). 
C)  pregnancy testing. 
D)  RPR for syphilis. 
A)  C-reactive protein (CRP). 
B)  rheumatoid factors (IgG). 
C)  pregnancy testing. 
D)  RPR for syphilis.

Question 15

Match the term with the appropriate description.

-Prozone phenomenon

Accepted Answer

A) The zone in which optimum precipitation occurs 
B) An excessive antibody concentration that produces a FALSE -negative reaction 
C) An excessive antigen concentration that results in no lattice formation 
D) An equal amount of antigen and antibody concentrations 
A) The zone in which optimum precipitation occurs 
B) An excessive antibody concentration that produces a FALSE -negative reaction 
C) An excessive antigen concentration that results in no lattice formation 
D) An equal amount of antigen and antibody concentrations

Question 16

Precipitation is the term applied to:

Accepted Answer

A)  the aggregation of soluble test antigens. 
B)  the aggregation of soluble test antibodies. 
C)  either a or b 
D)  the aggregation of particulate test antigens. 
A)  the aggregation of soluble test antigens. 
B)  the aggregation of soluble test antibodies. 
C)  either a or b 
D)  the aggregation of particulate test antigens.

Question 17

Match the grade of the agglutination reaction with the appropriate description. 
 
-4+

Accepted Answer

A) Tiny aggregates 
B) No aggregates 
C) Medium-sized aggregates,some free red blood cells (RBCs) 
D) Clear supernatant 
A) Tiny aggregates 
B) No aggregates 
C) Medium-sized aggregates,some free red blood cells (RBCs) 
D) Clear supernatant

Question 18

A false-positive latex agglutination assay for pregnancy can be produced by all the following except:

Accepted Answer

A)  cross-reactivity with luteinizing hormone (LH). 
B)  cross-reactivity with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). 
C)  antisperm antibodies. 
D)  monoclonal antibody directed against the beta subunit of hCG. 
A)  cross-reactivity with luteinizing hormone (LH). 
B)  cross-reactivity with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). 
C)  antisperm antibodies. 
D)  monoclonal antibody directed against the beta subunit of hCG.

Question 19

MATCHING
Match the following terms with the correct definition.

-Hemagglutination

Accepted Answer

A) Uses antibodies bound to a particle to enhance the visibility of the reaction 
B) Based on the interaction of soluble antigen with antibody 
C) Detects antibodies with erythrocyte antigens 
A) Uses antibodies bound to a particle to enhance the visibility of the reaction 
B) Based on the interaction of soluble antigen with antibody 
C) Detects antibodies with erythrocyte antigens

Question 20

The quality of agglutination or precipitation test results depends on:

Accepted Answer

A)  length of incubation with the serum containing antibody. 
B)  amount of antigen conjugated to the carrier. 
C)  pH. 
D)  all of the above. 
A)  length of incubation with the serum containing antibody. 
B)  amount of antigen conjugated to the carrier. 
C)  pH. 
D)  all of the above.

Exam 10: Agglutination Methods

The first phase of agglutination represents:

Match the cause of a false-positive agglutination reaction with the appropriate corrective measure. -Autoagglutination

In a group A patient's reverse serum testing,the cells and serum agglutinate because:

Match the type of immunoglobulin with the optimal thermal range. -IgG

Match the cause of a false-negative agglutination reaction with the appropriate corrective measure. -Postzone phenomenon

Match the grade of the agglutination reaction with the appropriate description. -Weak (±)

If a slide agglutination test is rotated for less than 1 minute,as the directions specify,what source of error can occur?

With agglutination inhibition in pregnancy testing,a negative result is evidenced by:

MATCHING Match the following terms with the correct definition. -Flocculation

An artificial carrier could be:

The definition of the term agglutination is the:

The most efficient type of antibodies in agglutination reactions are:

Match the term with the appropriate description. -Postzone phenomenon

All the following procedures are typically performed by latex agglutination or latex agglutination inhibition assays except:

Match the term with the appropriate description. -Prozone phenomenon

Precipitation is the term applied to:

Match the grade of the agglutination reaction with the appropriate description. -4+

A false-positive latex agglutination assay for pregnancy can be produced by all the following except:

MATCHING Match the following terms with the correct definition. -Hemagglutination

The quality of agglutination or precipitation test results depends on:

An Overview of Immunology

Antigens and Antibodies

Cells and Cellular Activities of the Immune System: Granulocytes and Mononuclear Cells

Cells and Cellular Activities of the Immune System: Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells

Soluble Mediators of the Immune System

Safety in the Immunology-Serology Laboratory

Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Basic Serologic Laboratory Techniques

Point-Of-Care Testing

Electrophoresis Techniques

Labeling Techniques in Immunoassay

Automated Procedures

Molecular Techniques

The Immune Response in Infectious Diseases

A Primer on Vaccines

Streptococcal Infections

Syphilis

Vector-Borne Diseases

Toxoplasmosis

Cytomegalovirus

Infectious Mononucleosis

Viral Hepatitis

Rubella and Rubeola Infections

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Immunoproliferative Disorders

Autoimmune Disorders

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Solid Organ Transplantation

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Tumor Immunology

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