Exam 8: Cognitive Views of Learning

Schemas provide the structures or guides that enable people to understand an event.

You are given a math problem to solve.As you try to remember the formula involved,what memory system is being searched?

Bottom-up processing refers to the way people examine a new stimulus for

What type of knowledge do experts have that involves an understanding of how to perform various cognitive activities?

Top-down processing is distinguished by its reliance on a(n)

A student provides an explanation of why water evaporates,but his description leaves out some of the details the teacher provided,while including some new information.Cognitive theorists would attribute this to

Ramona and Ann were walking home from school when they heard the screeching of brakes and the blare of a horn.Then,just 30 feet in front of them,they saw the crash of a white car and a blue pickup truck.The next day the children were excitedly telling their friends about what they saw."That white car was traveling real fast and swerving from side to side," Ramona said."I don't remember that," corrected Ann."It seemed to me that the truck didn't stop fast enough at the stop sign." "What stop sign?" asked Ramona."It was on the other street-the white car's side.Don't you remember?" said Ann.The discussion continued this way for the next five minutes,until the audience of increasingly impatient listeners dwindled down to one faithful friend.Ramona and Ann weren't trying to argue,but they couldn't seem to agree on anything. -In trying to remember the events of the preceding day,were the children mainly using semantic memory or episodic memory? Explain.

The theory that strongly emphasizes as a determinant of memory the degree to which information is analyzed and associated with other information is ________ theory.

The serial-position effect suggests that forgetting the middle of a list is more likely than forgetting the beginning or end of a list.

Because memories are organized in propositional networks,recall of one bit of information often

Knowing how to submit messages in a Blog is called ____________knowledge.

Based on the serial-position effect,what group of letters of the alphabet should be the most difficult to remember for someone who is first learning the alphabet?

Little Billy was accustomed to seeing Officer Sam O'Reilly walking around the block,but then one day he met Officer Sally Murdock.Billy gave her a suspicious look and said,"You can't be an officer,you're a lady." Billy's concept of a police officer was probably

In order to help students become better learners,it is recommended that they

The first step in peg-type mnemonics is to

Bill is having considerable difficulty remembering names,terms,and facts in his American History class.On the last exam,he identified General Sherman as a Vietnam War hero,and Saigon as the capitol of Japan.Historical dates are so confusing to him that he does not even try to remember them.The result is that,although he typically does satisfactorily on essay questions (he purposely leaves out any names that he is uncertain about and always omits dates),his scores are extremely low on objective items such as multiple-choice and fill-in-the-blank items.Given this scenario,answer the following items: -What type of learning should Bill's teacher be most concerned about in order for Bill to be able to use consciously applied skills of organizing thoughts and actions to reach a learning goal?

"I before E except after C" is an example of the use of what memory method?

According to Woolfolk,the basic purpose of mnemonic aids is to

The primary difference between implicit and explicit memories is in the amount of information that can be stored in the different types of memories.

A photographer shoots a flashbulb directly into your eyes.For the next few seconds,all you can see are big blue dots everywhere you look.What type of memory is most directly involved in this phenomenon?