Exam 9: What Genes Are

What part of a nucleotide accounts for the genetic variation between individuals?

Cooling cycles during PCR amplification of DNA enable enzymes to build two new strands of ________ through ________ base-pairing.

Put the following in order from smallest to largest. -This is the smallest in size.

Being in the sun for short stretches of time is not as likely to cause mutations as is being in the sun for long stretches of time.Explain why longer exposure to ultraviolet (UV)is more likely to cause mutations.

You are working for a pharmaceutical company that hopes to produce genetically engineered human pancreatic amylase from rapidly reproducing E.coli cells.Your colleague has worked for months to isolate a minute amount of DNA that she suspects contains the gene for human pancreatic amylase.You need more of this DNA for testing and evaluation.Describe how you can easily produce millions of exact copies of this DNA.

The enzyme that copies DNA is called ________.

Replication of DNA cannot begin until ________ bonds between ________ are broken.

After the CRISPR-Cas9 system cuts a segment of DNA,the cell's DNA repair process actually removes the DNA sequences between the cut sites.This repair process is most likely facilitated by BOTH ________.

Nitrous acid is a chemical that can react with DNA and change cytosine to uracil.If a cell is exposed to nitrous acid and some of the cytosine nucleotides in a gene are converted to uracil nucleotides,what should happen when that cell replicates?

Once attached to the proper DNA sequence,Cas9 proteins found in the CRISPR-Cas9 system ________ both strands of DNA.

Researchers used the CRISPR system to make 455 different cuts in the porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV)pol genes in the pig genome.All of the PERV genes were inactivated in the pig embryos even though only 20 percent of the resulting mutations were larger than nine base pairs.The resulting mutations were successful at knocking out the PERV genes because

Damaged DNA may be repaired by a special class of

A new copy of a double helix that is composed of a template strand and a newly replicated strand of DNA is created using ________ replication.

When bases of DNA correctly bind to the complementary strand,

The two strands of a DNA molecule are held together by ________ bonds between their base pairs.

What would you expect to find if you examined the DNA base-pair sequence of the allele for a mutated cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene (CFTR)and compared it to the DNA base-pair sequence of the allele for a fully functional CFTR gene?

Short lengths of DNA are wound around bundles of ________ to create a structure consisting of many nucleosomes strung together by strings of DNA.

Which of the following will NOT generally cause mutations?

Put the following in order from smallest to largest. -This is the middle in size.

In a strand of double-stranded DNA,cytosine (C)will always be bound with