Exam 9: Cardiac Physiology

An ECG represents comparisons in __________ detected by electrodes at __________ points on the body surface,not the actual potential.​

Atherosclerosis is characterized by __________ forming beneath the vessel lining within arterial walls.

The heart is enclosed in a single-walled,membranous pericardial sac.​

The Frank-Starling curve shifts up and to the left in a failing heart.​

The cardiac cycle consists of alternate periods of emptying and filling,also called:

Random,uncoordinated excitation and contraction of cardiac cells is known as __________.​

The average resting HR is __________ beats per minute,established by __________ node rhythmicity.​

Myocardial ischemia leads to pain known as:

The right AV valve is also called the __________ valve.

Bicuspid or mitral valves exist between the ventricles and major arteries.

An autorhythmic cell membrane's slow drift to threshold is called the __________ potential.​

What heart tissue releases platelet-activating factor when too little O₂ is available in the coronary vessels?

Describe the normal sounds associated with heart valves.

What is the most common cause of blood flow turbulence?

Where is the AV node located within the heart?

The atrioventricular node is the normal pacemaker of the heart.​

People with elevated levels of __________,a blood-borne marker of inflammation,have a higher risk for developing coronary artery disease.

Discuss the distinct layers within the heart.

Specifically,as a cardiac muscle fiber is stretched as a result of greater ventricular filling,its __________ are pulled closer together side by side.

Heart failure can be of two types: __________ HF,in which the heart has difficulty pumping blood out,or __________ HF,in which the heart has trouble filling.