Question 1

In the context of expectancy theory, which of the following is a difference between expectancy and instrumentality?

Accepted Answer

A)  Unlike instrumentality, when expectancies are strong, employees figure that no matter what they do or how hard they work, they will not be able to perform their jobs successfully, so they do not work harder. 
B)  Unlike expectancy, when instrumentality is weak, employees believe that improved performance will lead to better and more rewards, so they choose to work harder. 
C)  Expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance, whereas instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards. 
D)  Expectancy is the attractiveness or desirability of various rewards or outcomes, whereas instrumentality is the perceived relationship between effort and rewards. 
A)  Unlike instrumentality, when expectancies are strong, employees figure that no matter what they do or how hard they work, they will not be able to perform their jobs successfully, so they do not work harder. 
B)  Unlike expectancy, when instrumentality is weak, employees believe that improved performance will lead to better and more rewards, so they choose to work harder. 
C)  Expectancy is the perceived relationship between effort and performance, whereas instrumentality is the perceived relationship between performance and rewards. 
D)  Expectancy is the attractiveness or desirability of various rewards or outcomes, whereas instrumentality is the perceived relationship between effort and rewards.

Question 2

In the context of reinforcement contingencies, which of the following is a difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Negative reinforcement weakens behavior, whereas punishment strengthens behavior. 
B)  Negative reinforcement is also referred to as extinction, whereas punishment is also referred to as avoidance learning. 
C)  Unlike punishment, negative reinforcement withholds an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior. 
D)  Unlike punishment, negative reinforcement weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences. 
A)  Negative reinforcement weakens behavior, whereas punishment strengthens behavior. 
B)  Negative reinforcement is also referred to as extinction, whereas punishment is also referred to as avoidance learning. 
C)  Unlike punishment, negative reinforcement withholds an unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specific behavior. 
D)  Unlike punishment, negative reinforcement weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences.

Question 3

Patrick, a marketing manager at Flares Inc., sets performance goals for his subordinates. He discusses the goals with one of his subordinates named Jim. Jim agrees to the specific goals and works toward achieving them. Which of the following components of goal-setting theory is illustrated in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A)  Goal divergence 
B)  Goal difficulty 
C)  Goal acceptance 
D)  Goal ambiguity 
A)  Goal divergence 
B)  Goal difficulty 
C)  Goal acceptance 
D)  Goal ambiguity

Question 4

Citrus Inc., a leading Internet service provider, provides its top managers with a bonus every year. However, this year the company performed poorly and its average stock price dropped below the industry standards. The company decided not to reward the managers this time around. This scenario typically illustrates the reinforcement contingency of _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction 
B)  punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  positive reinforcement 
A)  extinction 
B)  punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  positive reinforcement

Question 5

Siddiqi has been a team leader in a company for five years. He was promoted to a managerial role after taking his leadership qualities and his ability to inspire his teammates into consideration. According to McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Siddiqi was motivated by the _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  need for existence 
B)  need for power 
C)  need for belongingness 
D)  need for safety 
A)  need for existence 
B)  need for power 
C)  need for belongingness 
D)  need for safety

Question 6

In the context of equity theory, which of the following is a difference between underreward and overreward?

Accepted Answer

A)  Unlike overreward, in underreward, one gets more outcomes relative to his or her inputs than the referent being considered for comparison. 
B)  People experience guilt when they perceive that they have been underrewarded, whereas people experience frustration when they perceive that they have been overrewarded. 
C)  People have a very high tolerance for underreward, whereas people have a very low tolerance for overreward. 
D)  Unlike overreward, underreward occurs when a referent's outcome/input ratio is better than one's own outcome/input ratio. 
A)  Unlike overreward, in underreward, one gets more outcomes relative to his or her inputs than the referent being considered for comparison. 
B)  People experience guilt when they perceive that they have been underrewarded, whereas people experience frustration when they perceive that they have been overrewarded. 
C)  People have a very high tolerance for underreward, whereas people have a very low tolerance for overreward. 
D)  Unlike overreward, underreward occurs when a referent's outcome/input ratio is better than one's own outcome/input ratio.

Question 7

Which of the following exemplifies an intrinsic reward?

Accepted Answer

A)  Richard enjoys his job and sees it as a chance to learn something new. 
B)  Samantha receives a cash reward for good job performance. 
C)  Dorothy gets promoted at work. 
D)  Rani receives an annual bonus. 
A)  Richard enjoys his job and sees it as a chance to learn something new. 
B)  Samantha receives a cash reward for good job performance. 
C)  Dorothy gets promoted at work. 
D)  Rani receives an annual bonus.

Question 8

Which of the following steps is a manager most likely to take if he or she is using goal-setting theory as a motivational tool for his or her employees?

Accepted Answer

A)  Making sure workers truly accept organizational goals 
B)  Refraining from reinforcing wrong behaviors 
C)  Refraining from providing frequent, performance-specific feedback 
D)  Reducing employees' inputs 
A)  Making sure workers truly accept organizational goals 
B)  Refraining from reinforcing wrong behaviors 
C)  Refraining from providing frequent, performance-specific feedback 
D)  Reducing employees' inputs

Question 9

Which of the following steps can managers take to use equity theory to motivate employees?

Accepted Answer

A)  Keeping inputs and outcomes constant 
B)  Reducing outcomes 
C)  Reducing employees' inputs 
D)  Fixing a referent as constant 
A)  Keeping inputs and outcomes constant 
B)  Reducing outcomes 
C)  Reducing employees' inputs 
D)  Fixing a referent as constant

Question 10

Lois has been working as an illustrator in a marketing communications company. She is good at her work and knows how to use different illustration software packages. She enjoys her job as she gets to learn new styles of artwork. She is extremely content with her growth in the organization. This scenario best illustrates a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  persistence reward 
B)  intrinsic reward 
C)  tangible reward 
D)  financial reward 
A)  persistence reward 
B)  intrinsic reward 
C)  tangible reward 
D)  financial reward

Question 11

Derek is a manager. When Pamela, one of Derek's subordinates, was also promoted as a manager, he decided to work overtime so that he could finish more work and receive more incentives than Pamela. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alderfer's ERG Theory 
B)  Equity theory 
C)  Expectancy theory 
D)  Herzberg's two-factor theory 
A)  Alderfer's ERG Theory 
B)  Equity theory 
C)  Expectancy theory 
D)  Herzberg's two-factor theory

Question 12

Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Valences 
B)  Referents 
C)  Situational constraints 
D)  Goal specificity 
A)  Valences 
B)  Referents 
C)  Situational constraints 
D)  Goal specificity

Question 13

Nathan, a civil engineer in a construction company, is one of the best performers in the organization. He is assigned challenging projects by his manager. He delegates low-risk tasks in projects and takes up the high-risk ones. In the context of McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Nathan is most likely motivated by the need for _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  affiliation 
B)  relatedness 
C)  power 
D)  achievement 
A)  affiliation 
B)  relatedness 
C)  power 
D)  achievement

Question 14

Which of the following is a difference between fixed interval reinforcement schedules and fixed ratio reinforcement schedules?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fixed interval reinforcement schedules are a type of continuous reinforcement schedules, whereas fixed ratio reinforcement schedules are a type of intermittent reinforcement schedules. 
B)  With fixed interval reinforcement schedules, a consequence follows every instance of a behavior, whereas with fixed ratio reinforcement schedules, consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors. 
C)  Unlike fixed interval reinforcement schedules, fixed ratio reinforcement schedules are based on behaviors. 
D)  Unlike fixed interval reinforcement schedules, with fixed ratio reinforcement schedules, consequences are delivered after a specified time has elapsed. 
A)  Fixed interval reinforcement schedules are a type of continuous reinforcement schedules, whereas fixed ratio reinforcement schedules are a type of intermittent reinforcement schedules. 
B)  With fixed interval reinforcement schedules, a consequence follows every instance of a behavior, whereas with fixed ratio reinforcement schedules, consequences are delivered following a specific number of behaviors. 
C)  Unlike fixed interval reinforcement schedules, fixed ratio reinforcement schedules are based on behaviors. 
D)  Unlike fixed interval reinforcement schedules, with fixed ratio reinforcement schedules, consequences are delivered after a specified time has elapsed.

Question 15

Which of the following defines motivation?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization's external environment. 
B)  It is the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome. 
C)  It is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal. 
D)  It is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings. 
A)  It is the abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources in an organization's external environment. 
B)  It is the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome. 
C)  It is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal. 
D)  It is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.

In the context of expectancy theory, which of the following is a difference between expectancy and instrumentality?

In the context of reinforcement contingencies, which of the following is a difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Siddiqi has been a team leader in a company for five years. He was promoted to a managerial role after taking his leadership qualities and his ability to inspire his teammates into consideration. According to McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Siddiqi was motivated by the _____.

In the context of equity theory, which of the following is a difference between underreward and overreward?

Which of the following exemplifies an intrinsic reward?

Which of the following steps is a manager most likely to take if he or she is using goal-setting theory as a motivational tool for his or her employees?

Which of the following steps can managers take to use equity theory to motivate employees?

Derek is a manager. When Pamela, one of Derek's subordinates, was also promoted as a manager, he decided to work overtime so that he could finish more work and receive more incentives than Pamela. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory?

Which of the following is a difference between fixed interval reinforcement schedules and fixed ratio reinforcement schedules?

Which of the following defines motivation?

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Exam 13: Motivation

In the context of expectancy theory, which of the following is a difference between expectancy and instrumentality?

In the context of reinforcement contingencies, which of the following is a difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Siddiqi has been a team leader in a company for five years. He was promoted to a managerial role after taking his leadership qualities and his ability to inspire his teammates into consideration. According to McClelland's Learned Needs Theory, Siddiqi was motivated by the _____.

In the context of equity theory, which of the following is a difference between underreward and overreward?

Which of the following exemplifies an intrinsic reward?

Which of the following steps is a manager most likely to take if he or she is using goal-setting theory as a motivational tool for his or her employees?

Which of the following steps can managers take to use equity theory to motivate employees?

Derek is a manager. When Pamela, one of Derek's subordinates, was also promoted as a manager, he decided to work overtime so that he could finish more work and receive more incentives than Pamela. Which of the following theories of motivation does this scenario illustrate?

Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory?

Which of the following is a difference between fixed interval reinforcement schedules and fixed ratio reinforcement schedules?

Which of the following defines motivation?

Management

The History of Management

Organizational Environments and Cultures

Ethics and Social Responsibility

Planning and Decision Making

Organizational Strategy

Innovation and Change

Global Management

Designing Adaptive Organizations

Managing Teams

Managing Human Resource Systems

Managing Individuals and a Diverse Workforce

Leadership

Managing Communication

Control

Managing Information

Managing Service and Manufacturing Operations

Filters