Question 1

Tastes and smells are distinct kinds of environmental information in that

Accepted Answer

A) neural projections from taste receptors reach different parts of the brain than the neural projections from olfactory receptors. 
B) the single area of the cerebral cortex that receives smell and taste signals can distinguish tastes and smells by the pattern of action potentials received. 
C) tastant molecules are airborne, whereas odorant molecules are dissolved in fluids. 
D) distinguishing tastant molecules requires learning, whereas smell discrimination is an innate process. 
E) odorants bind to receptor proteins, but none of the tastant stimuli bind to receptors. 
A) neural projections from taste receptors reach different parts of the brain than the neural projections from olfactory receptors. 
B) the single area of the cerebral cortex that receives smell and taste signals can distinguish tastes and smells by the pattern of action potentials received. 
C) tastant molecules are airborne, whereas odorant molecules are dissolved in fluids. 
D) distinguishing tastant molecules requires learning, whereas smell discrimination is an innate process. 
E) odorants bind to receptor proteins, but none of the tastant stimuli bind to receptors.

Question 2

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials takes place

Accepted Answer

A) within the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by the hair cells. 
B) when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons. 
C) as the basilar membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions and depolarizes, initiating an action potential in a sensory neuron. 
D) as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds. 
E) within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes. 
A) within the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by the hair cells. 
B) when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons. 
C) as the basilar membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions and depolarizes, initiating an action potential in a sensory neuron. 
D) as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds. 
E) within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes.

Question 3

Sustained muscle contraction without relaxation between successive stimuli is called

Accepted Answer

A) tonus. 
B) fused tetanus. 
C) an all-or-none response. 
D) fatigue. 
E) a spasm. 
A) tonus. 
B) fused tetanus. 
C) an all-or-none response. 
D) fatigue. 
E) a spasm.

Question 4

During muscle contraction, I. actin filaments cross the M line.
II. the Z lines move closer together.
III. myosin forms cross bridges with actin.
IV. actin and myosin coil around each other.

Accepted Answer

A) I, II, and IV 
B) I, II, and III 
C) I and II 
D) II only 
E) I only 
A) I, II, and IV 
B) I, II, and III 
C) I and II 
D) II only 
E) I only

Question 5

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
In science class, you are identifying and dissecting several fish species. In fish #1, you observe that the muscle tissue is primarily light coloured, while fish #2 has dark muscle tissue.
-What assumption can you make about the swimming behaviour of fish #2?

Accepted Answer

A) The fish often swims for long distances. 
B) The fish likely swims in an undulating fashion. 
C) The fish often swims for short distances. 
D) The fish would fatigue quickly. 
E) The fish swims in explosive short bursts. 
A) The fish often swims for long distances. 
B) The fish likely swims in an undulating fashion. 
C) The fish often swims for short distances. 
D) The fish would fatigue quickly. 
E) The fish swims in explosive short bursts.

Question 6

The cellular membrane across which ion flow varies during auditory transduction is the

Accepted Answer

A) tectorial membrane. 
B) tympanic membrane. 
C) round-window membrane. 
D) hair cell membrane. 
E) basilar membrane. 
A) tectorial membrane. 
B) tympanic membrane. 
C) round-window membrane. 
D) hair cell membrane. 
E) basilar membrane.

Question 7

Mechanoreceptors that react to low frequency waves are part of the

Accepted Answer

A) human sense of taste. 
B) pain receptors in birds. 
C) human sense of smell. 
D) lateral line systems in fish. 
E) eyes in arthropods. 
A) human sense of taste. 
B) pain receptors in birds. 
C) human sense of smell. 
D) lateral line systems in fish. 
E) eyes in arthropods.

Question 8

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely

Accepted Answer

A) running by a 50-gram rodent. 
B) running by a 40-kg ungulate. 
C) flying by a 100-g bird. 
D) swimming by a 10-g minnow (bony fish). 
E) swimming by a 100-kg tuna (bony fish). 
A) running by a 50-gram rodent. 
B) running by a 40-kg ungulate. 
C) flying by a 100-g bird. 
D) swimming by a 10-g minnow (bony fish). 
E) swimming by a 100-kg tuna (bony fish).

Question 9

The blind spot in the human retina is the location that has the collected axons of

Accepted Answer

A) ganglion cells. 
B) bipolar cells. 
C) primary visual cortex. 
D) optic chiasma. 
E) lateral geniculate nuclei. 
A) ganglion cells. 
B) bipolar cells. 
C) primary visual cortex. 
D) optic chiasma. 
E) lateral geniculate nuclei.

Question 10

A given photon of light may trigger an action potential with thousands of times more energy because the signal strength is magnified by

Accepted Answer

A) the receptor. 
B) a G protein. 
C) an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. 
D) sensory adaptation. 
E) triggering several receptors at once. 
A) the receptor. 
B) a G protein. 
C) an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. 
D) sensory adaptation. 
E) triggering several receptors at once.

Question 11

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear.
  
-The organ of Corti is represented by which number?

Accepted Answer

A) 3 
B) 4 
C) 5 
D) 6 
E) 7 
A) 3 
B) 4 
C) 5 
D) 6 
E) 7

Question 12

A ball-and-socket joint connects

Accepted Answer

A) the radius to the ulna. 
B) the radius to the humerus. 
C) the ulna to the humerus. 
D) the humerus to the scapula. 
E) the radius to the scapula. 
A) the radius to the ulna. 
B) the radius to the humerus. 
C) the ulna to the humerus. 
D) the humerus to the scapula. 
E) the radius to the scapula.

Question 13

Choose the correct sequence of the following events leading to the sensory processing of a stimulus. 1. transmission
2. transduction
3. integration
4. amplification

Accepted Answer

A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 
B) 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 
C) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 
D) 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 
E) 3 → 1 → 4 → 2 
A) 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 
B) 1 → 4 → 2 → 3 
C) 2 → 4 → 1 → 3 
D) 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 
E) 3 → 1 → 4 → 2

Question 14

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
The migration path of monarch butterflies brings them from Eastern Canada to Mexico over a long, multi-generational journey. During a series of experiments in a chamber, monarchs were observed to fly in a southwest direction. When their circadian rhythms were altered by -6 and +6 hours, the monarchs flew in a southeast or northwest direction, respectively.
-Which direction would you expect the monarchs to fly if their circadian rhythm were changed by 12 hours?

Accepted Answer

A) northwest 
B) northeast 
C) southeast 
D) southwest 
A) northwest 
B) northeast 
C) southeast 
D) southwest

Question 15

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle all have

Accepted Answer

A) A bands and I bands. 
B) transverse tubules. 
C) gap junctions. 
D) motor units. 
E) thick and thin filaments. 
A) A bands and I bands. 
B) transverse tubules. 
C) gap junctions. 
D) motor units. 
E) thick and thin filaments.

Question 16

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fibre, calcium ions

Accepted Answer

A) break cross-bridges by acting as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP. 
B) bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed. 
C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fibre. 
D) spread action potentials through the T tubules. 
E) re-establish the polarization of the plasma membrane following an action potential. 
A) break cross-bridges by acting as a cofactor in the hydrolysis of ATP. 
B) bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosin-binding sites on actin are exposed. 
C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to the muscle fibre. 
D) spread action potentials through the T tubules. 
E) re-establish the polarization of the plasma membrane following an action potential.

Question 17

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on

Accepted Answer

A) actin filaments coiling up to become shorter. 
B) myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter. 
C) actin and myosin filaments both coiling up to become shorter. 
D) actin cross-bridges binding to myosin and then flexing. 
E) myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and then flexing. 
A) actin filaments coiling up to become shorter. 
B) myosin filaments coiling up to become shorter. 
C) actin and myosin filaments both coiling up to become shorter. 
D) actin cross-bridges binding to myosin and then flexing. 
E) myosin cross-bridges binding to actin and then flexing.

Question 18

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear.
  
-The sense of head motion begins with sensory transduction by the structures at which numbers?

Accepted Answer

A) 2, 3, and 4 
B) 2, 5, and 7 
C) 4 
D) 5 
E) 7 and 8 
A) 2, 3, and 4 
B) 2, 5, and 7 
C) 4 
D) 5 
E) 7 and 8

Question 19

Use the following figure to answer the questions below.
  
-Overlapping actin and myosin filaments are found in which section of the figure?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 20

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear.
  
-Hair cells are found in structures represented by numbers

Accepted Answer

A) 1 and 2 
B) 3 and 4 
C) 5 and 7 
D) 6 and 8 
E) 9 and 10 
A) 1 and 2 
B) 3 and 4 
C) 5 and 7 
D) 6 and 8 
E) 9 and 10

Exam 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Tastes and smells are distinct kinds of environmental information in that

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials takes place

Sustained muscle contraction without relaxation between successive stimuli is called

During muscle contraction, I. actin filaments cross the M line. II. the Z lines move closer together. III. myosin forms cross bridges with actin. IV. actin and myosin coil around each other.

The cellular membrane across which ion flow varies during auditory transduction is the

Mechanoreceptors that react to low frequency waves are part of the

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely

The blind spot in the human retina is the location that has the collected axons of

A given photon of light may trigger an action potential with thousands of times more energy because the signal strength is magnified by

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear. -The organ of Corti is represented by which number?

A ball-and-socket joint connects

Choose the correct sequence of the following events leading to the sensory processing of a stimulus. 1. transmission 2. transduction 3. integration 4. amplification

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle all have

During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fibre, calcium ions

The contraction of skeletal muscles is based on

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear. -The sense of head motion begins with sensory transduction by the structures at which numbers?

Use the following figure to answer the questions below. -Overlapping actin and myosin filaments are found in which section of the figure?

The following questions refer to this diagram of the ear. -Hair cells are found in structures represented by numbers

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

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