Question 1

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of

Accepted Answer

A) increased aldosterone production. 
B) increased blood pressure. 
C) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
D) increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule. 
E) the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity. 
A) increased aldosterone production. 
B) increased blood pressure. 
C) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
D) increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule. 
E) the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity.

Question 2

Many marine and freshwater bony fish achieve osmoregulation via

Accepted Answer

A) loss of water through the gills. 
B) gain of salt through the gills. 
C) loss of water in the urine. 
D) no drinking of water. 
E) gain of water through food. 
A) loss of water through the gills. 
B) gain of salt through the gills. 
C) loss of water in the urine. 
D) no drinking of water. 
E) gain of water through food.

Question 3

Ammonia

Accepted Answer

A) is soluble in water. 
B) can be stored in the body as a precipitate. 
C) has low toxicity relative to urea. 
D) is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea. 
E) is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects. 
A) is soluble in water. 
B) can be stored in the body as a precipitate. 
C) has low toxicity relative to urea. 
D) is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea. 
E) is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects.

Question 4

Trauma to the human kidney could result in a urinary filtrate containing an abnormally high level of

Accepted Answer

A) fatty acids. 
B) glucose. 
C) salts. 
D) erythrocytes. 
E) vitamins. 
A) fatty acids. 
B) glucose. 
C) salts. 
D) erythrocytes. 
E) vitamins.

Question 5

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to sea water, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by

Accepted Answer

A) using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts. 
B) monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins. 
C) tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity. 
D) synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells. 
E) possessing a special adaptation that allows their cells to operate at an extraordinarily high salt concentration. 
A) using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts. 
B) monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins. 
C) tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity. 
D) synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells. 
E) possessing a special adaptation that allows their cells to operate at an extraordinarily high salt concentration.

Question 6

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

Accepted Answer

A) urea can be exchanged for Na⁺. 
B) urea is less toxic than ammonia. 
C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia. 
D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient. 
E) less nitrogen is removed from the body. 
A) urea can be exchanged for Na⁺. 
B) urea is less toxic than ammonia. 
C) urea requires more water for excretion than ammonia. 
D) urea does not affect the osmolar gradient. 
E) less nitrogen is removed from the body.

Question 7

The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is

Accepted Answer

A) ammonia. 
B) ammonium. 
C) urea. 
D) uric acid. 
A) ammonia. 
B) ammonium. 
C) urea. 
D) uric acid.

Question 8

It is wise to drink 2 glasses of water for every 1 alcoholic beverage consumed. This is because

Accepted Answer

A) alcohol can increase the release of aldosterone. 
B) alcohol can disrupt the release of ADH. 
C) alcohol increases the release of ADH. 
D) alcohol disrupts the function of the thalamus. 
E) alcohol disrupts the function of RAAS. 
A) alcohol can increase the release of aldosterone. 
B) alcohol can disrupt the release of ADH. 
C) alcohol increases the release of ADH. 
D) alcohol disrupts the function of the thalamus. 
E) alcohol disrupts the function of RAAS.

Question 9

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by

Accepted Answer

A) sleeping for one hour. 
B) severe sweating on a hot day. 
C) eating a bag of potato chips. 
D) eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni. 
E) drinking several glasses of water. 
A) sleeping for one hour. 
B) severe sweating on a hot day. 
C) eating a bag of potato chips. 
D) eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni. 
E) drinking several glasses of water.

Question 10

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
While spelunking, you have discovered a new species deep inside the cave. This animal does not have easy access to water. It has a dense coat of fur, a four-chambered heart, and a closed circulatory system.
-You expect the animal's urine to be

Accepted Answer

A) isoosmotic to body fluids. 
B) hypoosmotic to body fluids. 
C) hypotonic to body fluids. 
D) hyperosmotic to body fluids. 
E) isotonic to body fluids. 
A) isoosmotic to body fluids. 
B) hypoosmotic to body fluids. 
C) hypotonic to body fluids. 
D) hyperosmotic to body fluids. 
E) isotonic to body fluids.

Question 11

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
After a long week, you join a few friends at a local pub to enjoy a meal and have a few beers. After a few hours and several beers, you find yourself to be quite thirsty.
-You feel thirsty because

Accepted Answer

A) you ate very salty pub food. 
B) you abstained from alcohol and drank water. 
C) you drank a few beers. 
D) you ate salty pub food and drank a few beers. 
E) you drank water and ate salty pub food. 
A) you ate very salty pub food. 
B) you abstained from alcohol and drank water. 
C) you drank a few beers. 
D) you ate salty pub food and drank a few beers. 
E) you drank water and ate salty pub food.

Question 12

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of

Accepted Answer

A) protonephridia. 
B) metanephridia. 
C) Malpighian tubules. 
D) nephrons. 
E) ananephredia. 
A) protonephridia. 
B) metanephridia. 
C) Malpighian tubules. 
D) nephrons. 
E) ananephredia.

Question 13

If the concentration of glucose in the blood flowing through the kidneys is within normal range, which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) The nephron pumps glucose into the collecting duct. 
B) Most glucose within the nephron tubule is reabsorbed by the blood. 
C) The Bowman's capsule secretes glucose back into the blood. 
D) No glucose passes from the glomerulus to the Bowman's capsule. 
E) Most glucose that passes from the blood into the nephron tubule remains in the urine and is excreted. 
A) The nephron pumps glucose into the collecting duct. 
B) Most glucose within the nephron tubule is reabsorbed by the blood. 
C) The Bowman's capsule secretes glucose back into the blood. 
D) No glucose passes from the glomerulus to the Bowman's capsule. 
E) Most glucose that passes from the blood into the nephron tubule remains in the urine and is excreted.

Question 14

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely

Accepted Answer

A) found in freshwater lakes and streams. 
B) marine. 
C) amphibious. 
D) found in arid terrestrial environments. 
E) found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture. 
A) found in freshwater lakes and streams. 
B) marine. 
C) amphibious. 
D) found in arid terrestrial environments. 
E) found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture.

Question 15

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

A) Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. 
B) Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. 
C) The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. 
D) Urea forms an insoluble precipitate. 
E) Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool. 
A) Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. 
B) Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. 
C) The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. 
D) Urea forms an insoluble precipitate. 
E) Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool.

Question 16

Compared to the sea water around them, most marine invertebrates are

Accepted Answer

A) hyperosmotic. 
B) hypoosmotic. 
C) isoosmotic. 
D) hyperosmotic and isoosmotic. 
E) hypoosmotic and isoosmotic. 
A) hyperosmotic. 
B) hypoosmotic. 
C) isoosmotic. 
D) hyperosmotic and isoosmotic. 
E) hypoosmotic and isoosmotic.

Question 17

Birds that live in marine environments and thus lack access to fresh drinking water

Accepted Answer

A) osmoregulate without using a transport epithelium for this purpose. 
B) drink sea water and secrete excess ions through their kidneys only. 
C) drink sea water and secrete excess ions mainly through their nasal salt glands. 
D) have plasma that is isoosmotic to ocean water. 
E) obtain water by eating only osmoregulating prey. 
A) osmoregulate without using a transport epithelium for this purpose. 
B) drink sea water and secrete excess ions through their kidneys only. 
C) drink sea water and secrete excess ions mainly through their nasal salt glands. 
D) have plasma that is isoosmotic to ocean water. 
E) obtain water by eating only osmoregulating prey.

Question 18

Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion?

Accepted Answer

A) amino acids 
B) urea 
C) uric acid 
D) ammonia 
E) nitrogen gas 
A) amino acids 
B) urea 
C) uric acid 
D) ammonia 
E) nitrogen gas

Question 19

Which of the following pairs of organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid?

Accepted Answer

A) mice and birds 
B) insects and birds 
C) lions and horses 
D) humans and frogs 
E) fish and turtles 
A) mice and birds 
B) insects and birds 
C) lions and horses 
D) humans and frogs 
E) fish and turtles

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of

Many marine and freshwater bony fish achieve osmoregulation via

Ammonia

Trauma to the human kidney could result in a urinary filtrate containing an abnormally high level of

Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to sea water, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that

The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is

It is wise to drink 2 glasses of water for every 1 alcoholic beverage consumed. This is because

Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by

Use the following information to answer the next few questions. After a long week, you join a few friends at a local pub to enjoy a meal and have a few beers. After a few hours and several beers, you find yourself to be quite thirsty. -You feel thirsty because

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of

If the concentration of glucose in the blood flowing through the kidneys is within normal range, which of the following statements is correct?

Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Compared to the sea water around them, most marine invertebrates are

Birds that live in marine environments and thus lack access to fresh drinking water

Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion?

Which of the following pairs of organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid?

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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