Question 1

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules

Accepted Answer

A) achieves the sorting of plasma proteins according to size. 
B) achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea. 
C) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids. 
D) regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons. 
E) reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance. 
A) achieves the sorting of plasma proteins according to size. 
B) achieves the conversion of toxic ammonia to less toxic urea. 
C) maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids. 
D) regulates the speed of blood flow through the nephrons. 
E) reabsorbs urea to maintain osmotic balance.

Question 2

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the

Accepted Answer

A) flame bulb system of flatworms. 
B) protonephridia of rotifers. 
C) metanephridia of earthworms. 
D) Malpighian tubules of insects. 
E) kidneys of vertebrates. 
A) flame bulb system of flatworms. 
B) protonephridia of rotifers. 
C) metanephridia of earthworms. 
D) Malpighian tubules of insects. 
E) kidneys of vertebrates.

Question 3

In a laboratory experiment with three groups of students, one group drinks pure water, a second group drinks an equal amount of beer, and a third group drinks an equal amount of concentrated salt solution, all during the same time period. Their urine production is monitored for several hours. Which groups are expected to have the greatest and least amounts of urine, respectively?

Accepted Answer

A) Beer drinkers have the most; salt solution drinkers have the least. 
B) Salt solution drinkers have the most; water drinkers have the least. 
C) Water drinkers have the most; beer drinkers have the least. 
D) Beer drinkers have the most; water drinkers have the least. 
E) There will be no significant difference between these groups. 
A) Beer drinkers have the most; salt solution drinkers have the least. 
B) Salt solution drinkers have the most; water drinkers have the least. 
C) Water drinkers have the most; beer drinkers have the least. 
D) Beer drinkers have the most; water drinkers have the least. 
E) There will be no significant difference between these groups.

Question 4

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle

Accepted Answer

A) are the largest epithelial cells in the body. 
B) are not in contact with interstitial fluid. 
C) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water. 
D) have 50% of their cell mass made of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 
E) are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes. 
A) are the largest epithelial cells in the body. 
B) are not in contact with interstitial fluid. 
C) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water. 
D) have 50% of their cell mass made of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. 
E) are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes.

Question 5

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an earthworm is based on the operation of

Accepted Answer

A) protonephridia. 
B) metanephridia. 
C) Malpighian tubules. 
D) nephrons. 
E) ananephredia. 
A) protonephridia. 
B) metanephridia. 
C) Malpighian tubules. 
D) nephrons. 
E) ananephredia.

Question 6

Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in

Accepted Answer

A) flatworms. 
B) earthworms. 
C) insects. 
D) vertebrates. 
E) cnidarians. 
A) flatworms. 
B) earthworms. 
C) insects. 
D) vertebrates. 
E) cnidarians.

Question 7

After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as

Accepted Answer

A) erythropoietin. 
B) angiotensinogen. 
C) renin. 
D) antidiuretic hormone. 
E) atrial natriuretic peptide. 
A) erythropoietin. 
B) angiotensinogen. 
C) renin. 
D) antidiuretic hormone. 
E) atrial natriuretic peptide.

Question 8

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the

Accepted Answer

A) formation of filtrate at an excretory structure. 
B) reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate. 
C) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids. 
D) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure. 
E) expulsion of urine from the body. 
A) formation of filtrate at an excretory structure. 
B) reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate. 
C) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids. 
D) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure. 
E) expulsion of urine from the body.

Question 9

Human urine is usually more acidic than most other body fluids because

Accepted Answer

A) hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate. 
B) the sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for each sodium ion. 
C) excreted plasma proteins are nearly all acidic ions. 
D) excreted amino acids are in abundance. 
E) potassium and sodium exchange generates lots of acidity. 
A) hydrogen ions are actively moved into the filtrate. 
B) the sodium transporter exchanges one hydrogen ion for each sodium ion. 
C) excreted plasma proteins are nearly all acidic ions. 
D) excreted amino acids are in abundance. 
E) potassium and sodium exchange generates lots of acidity.

Question 10

Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of

Accepted Answer

A) salt pumping to control osmolarity. 
B) H⁺ pumping to control pH. 
C) reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule. 
D) filtration from the glomerular capillaries. 
E) secretion along the distal tubule. 
A) salt pumping to control osmolarity. 
B) H⁺ pumping to control pH. 
C) reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule. 
D) filtration from the glomerular capillaries. 
E) secretion along the distal tubule.

Question 11

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items.
  
-Which of the following is synthesized by mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fishes, and has lower toxicity than its nitrogenous substrate?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 12

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is

Accepted Answer

A) distilled water. 
B) plasma in birds. 
C) plasma in mammals. 
D) sea water in a tidal pool. 
E) estuarine water. 
A) distilled water. 
B) plasma in birds. 
C) plasma in mammals. 
D) sea water in a tidal pool. 
E) estuarine water.

Question 13

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A) diffusion of salt from the thin segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 
B) active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb. 
C) the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons. 
D) diffusion of urea from the collecting duct. 
E) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle. 
A) diffusion of salt from the thin segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. 
B) active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb. 
C) the spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons. 
D) diffusion of urea from the collecting duct. 
E) diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.

Question 14

Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in

Accepted Answer

A) the vasa recta. 
B) Bowman's capsule. 
C) the loop of Henle. 
D) the proximal tubule. 
E) the collecting duct. 
A) the vasa recta. 
B) Bowman's capsule. 
C) the loop of Henle. 
D) the proximal tubule. 
E) the collecting duct.

Question 15

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in

Accepted Answer

A) earthworms. 
B) flatworms. 
C) insects. 
D) jellyfish. 
E) sea stars. 
A) earthworms. 
B) flatworms. 
C) insects. 
D) jellyfish. 
E) sea stars.

Question 16

The porbeagle shark (Lamana nasus), found on the continental shelf between Newfoundland and Labrador and Gulf of Maine, excretes ________ which is produced in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A) urea, gall bladder 
B) ammonia, kidney 
C) urea, kidney 
D) ammonia, liver 
E) urea, liver 
A) urea, gall bladder 
B) ammonia, kidney 
C) urea, kidney 
D) ammonia, liver 
E) urea, liver

Question 17

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that

Accepted Answer

A) it stores the body's excess fats. 
B) it has membranes of varying permeability to water. 
C) it operates an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps. 
D) it is the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients. 
E) it has an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle. 
A) it stores the body's excess fats. 
B) it has membranes of varying permeability to water. 
C) it operates an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps. 
D) it is the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients. 
E) it has an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle.

Question 18

A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink sea water instead

Accepted Answer

A) will thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life. 
B) will excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion. 
C) will develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload. 
D) will find that drinking saltwater satiates his thirst. 
E) will risk becoming overhydrated within 12 hours. 
A) will thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life. 
B) will excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion. 
C) will develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload. 
D) will find that drinking saltwater satiates his thirst. 
E) will risk becoming overhydrated within 12 hours.

Question 19

When stimulated by aldosterone, the reabsorption of Na⁺ is increased along

Accepted Answer

A) the loop of Henle. 
B) the collecting duct. 
C) Bowman's capsule. 
D) the proximal tubule. 
E) the distal tubule. 
A) the loop of Henle. 
B) the collecting duct. 
C) Bowman's capsule. 
D) the proximal tubule. 
E) the distal tubule.

Question 20

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

Accepted Answer

A) starch and cellulose. 
B) triglycerides and steroids. 
C) proteins and nucleic acids. 
D) phospholipids and glycolipids. 
E) fatty acids and glycerol. 
A) starch and cellulose. 
B) triglycerides and steroids. 
C) proteins and nucleic acids. 
D) phospholipids and glycolipids. 
E) fatty acids and glycerol.

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules

An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the

In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an earthworm is based on the operation of

Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in

After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the

Human urine is usually more acidic than most other body fluids because

Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items. -Which of the following is synthesized by mammals, most amphibians, sharks, and some bony fishes, and has lower toxicity than its nitrogenous substrate?

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except

Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in

The porbeagle shark (Lamana nasus), found on the continental shelf between Newfoundland and Labrador and Gulf of Maine, excretes ________ which is produced in the ________.

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that

A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink sea water instead

When stimulated by aldosterone, the reabsorption of Na⁺ is increased along

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

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The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

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Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

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An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

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Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

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An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

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The porbeagle shark (Lamana nasus), found on the continental shelf between Newfoundland and Labrador and Gulf of Maine, excretes which is produced in the .