Question 1

The filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from

Accepted Answer

A) the loop of Henle. 
B) the collecting duct. 
C) Bowman's capsule. 
D) the proximal tubule. 
E) the glomerulus. 
A) the loop of Henle. 
B) the collecting duct. 
C) Bowman's capsule. 
D) the proximal tubule. 
E) the glomerulus.

Question 2

Increased ADH secretion is likely after

Accepted Answer

A) drinking lots of pure water. 
B) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity. 
C) ingestion of ethanol (drinking alcoholic drinks). 
D) eating a small sugary snack. 
E) blood pressure is abnormally high. 
A) drinking lots of pure water. 
B) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity. 
C) ingestion of ethanol (drinking alcoholic drinks). 
D) eating a small sugary snack. 
E) blood pressure is abnormally high.

Question 3

The typical osmolarity of human blood is

Accepted Answer

A) 30 mOsm/L. 
B) 100 mOsm/L. 
C) 200 mOsm/L. 
D) 300 mOsm/L. 
E) 500 mOsm/L. 
A) 30 mOsm/L. 
B) 100 mOsm/L. 
C) 200 mOsm/L. 
D) 300 mOsm/L. 
E) 500 mOsm/L.

Question 4

Freshwater flatworms produce urine that is typically

Accepted Answer

A) of high solute concentration, in order to conserve body fluids. 
B) of very low volume, in order to conserve body fluids. 
C) of high solute concentration and very low volume, in order to conserve body fluids. 
D) of high solute concentration and of high volume, matching their normal fluid uptake. 
E) of low solute concentration and of high volume, matching their normal fluid uptake. 
A) of high solute concentration, in order to conserve body fluids. 
B) of very low volume, in order to conserve body fluids. 
C) of high solute concentration and very low volume, in order to conserve body fluids. 
D) of high solute concentration and of high volume, matching their normal fluid uptake. 
E) of low solute concentration and of high volume, matching their normal fluid uptake.

Question 5

If ATP production in a human kidney were suddenly halted, urine production would

Accepted Answer

A) come to a complete halt. 
B) decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma. 
C) increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma. 
D) increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma. 
E) decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma. 
A) come to a complete halt. 
B) decrease, and the urine would be hypoosmotic compared to plasma. 
C) increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma. 
D) increase, and the urine would be hyperosmotic compared to plasma. 
E) decrease, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma.

Question 6

The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is

Accepted Answer

A) ammonia. 
B) nitrate. 
C) nitrite. 
D) urea. 
E) uric acid. 
A) ammonia. 
B) nitrate. 
C) nitrite. 
D) urea. 
E) uric acid.

Question 7

The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human does not normally include

Accepted Answer

A) ions. 
B) glucose. 
C) plasma proteins. 
D) amino acids. 
E) dissolved gases. 
A) ions. 
B) glucose. 
C) plasma proteins. 
D) amino acids. 
E) dissolved gases.

Question 8

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid

Accepted Answer

A) is readily soluble in water. 
B) is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products. 
C) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass. 
D) excretion allows birds to live in desert environments. 
A) is readily soluble in water. 
B) is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products. 
C) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass. 
D) excretion allows birds to live in desert environments.

Question 9

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?

Accepted Answer

A) ammonia 
B) ammonium ions 
C) urea 
D) uric acid 
A) ammonia 
B) ammonium ions 
C) urea 
D) uric acid

Question 10

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
After a long week, you join a few friends at a local pub to enjoy a meal and have a few beers. After a few hours and several beers, you find yourself to be quite thirsty.
-The hormone responsible for regulating blood osmolarity after ingesting a salty meal is

Accepted Answer

A) ADH. 
B) aldosterone. 
C) ANP. 
D) renin. 
E) angiotensin. 
A) ADH. 
B) aldosterone. 
C) ANP. 
D) renin. 
E) angiotensin.

Question 11

In its native habitat, the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)has a diadromous lifecycle. When preparing to migrate from fresh water to the sea, the lamprey must metamorphose so that it can survive the change in salinity. To achieve osmoregulation in the sea, the lamprey must

Accepted Answer

A) decrease water uptake and decrease solute excretion. 
B) increase water uptake and increase solute excretion. 
C) decrease water uptake and increase solute excretion. 
D) increase water uptake and decrease solute excretion. 
E) decrease water uptake and decrease solute absorption. 
A) decrease water uptake and decrease solute excretion. 
B) increase water uptake and increase solute excretion. 
C) decrease water uptake and increase solute excretion. 
D) increase water uptake and decrease solute excretion. 
E) decrease water uptake and decrease solute absorption.

Question 12

Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more

Accepted Answer

A) juxtamedullary nephrons. 
B) Bowman's capsules. 
C) ureters. 
D) podocytes. 
E) urinary bladders. 
A) juxtamedullary nephrons. 
B) Bowman's capsules. 
C) ureters. 
D) podocytes. 
E) urinary bladders.

Question 13

ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

A) ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood and RAAS regulates the volume of the blood. 
B) ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na⁺ reabsorption. 
C) ADH and RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. 
D) Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via its receptors in the urinary bladder. 
E) ADH and RAAS combine at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place. 
A) ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood and RAAS regulates the volume of the blood. 
B) ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na⁺ reabsorption. 
C) ADH and RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. 
D) Both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via its receptors in the urinary bladder. 
E) ADH and RAAS combine at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place.

Question 14

Natural selection should favour the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?

Accepted Answer

A) a river otter 
B) a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest 
C) a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
D) a mouse species living in a desert 
E) a beaver 
A) a river otter 
B) a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest 
C) a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest 
D) a mouse species living in a desert 
E) a beaver

Question 15

Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron

Accepted Answer

A) is intimately associated with a capillary network. 
B) forms urine by changing fluid composition inside a tubule. 
C) functions in both osmoregulation and excretion. 
D) receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid. 
E) has a transport epithelium. 
A) is intimately associated with a capillary network. 
B) forms urine by changing fluid composition inside a tubule. 
C) functions in both osmoregulation and excretion. 
D) receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid. 
E) has a transport epithelium.

Question 16

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)functions at the cellular level by

Accepted Answer

A) stimulating the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins. 
B) triggering the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water. 
C) causing membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids. 
D) causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells. 
E) decreasing the speed at which filtrate flows through the nephron, leading to increased reabsorption of water. 
A) stimulating the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins. 
B) triggering the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water. 
C) causing membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids. 
D) causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells. 
E) decreasing the speed at which filtrate flows through the nephron, leading to increased reabsorption of water.

Question 17

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items.
  
-Which of the following is excreted as a paste by land snails, insects, birds, and many reptiles because of its solubility and toxicity properties?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
D) D 
E) E

Question 18

The necropsy (postmortem analysis)of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in salt water would likely show that

Accepted Answer

A) loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure. 
B) high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse. 
C) the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis. 
D) the gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation. 
E) brain cells lysed as a result of increased osmotic pressure in this hyperosmotic environment, leading to death by loss of autonomic function. 
A) loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure. 
B) high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse. 
C) the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis. 
D) the gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation. 
E) brain cells lysed as a result of increased osmotic pressure in this hyperosmotic environment, leading to death by loss of autonomic function.

Question 19

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an insect is based on the operation of

Accepted Answer

A) protonephridia. 
B) metanephridia. 
C) Malpighian tubules. 
D) nephrons. 
E) ananephredia. 
A) protonephridia. 
B) metanephridia. 
C) Malpighian tubules. 
D) nephrons. 
E) ananephredia.

Question 20

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
While spelunking, you have discovered a new species deep inside the cave. This animal does not have easy access to water. It has a dense coat of fur, a four-chambered heart, and a closed circulatory system.
-Which excretory system modification do you expect to find?

Accepted Answer

A) absent juxtamedullary nephron 
B) short loop of Henle, excreting dilute urine 
C) long loop of Henle extending deep into the medulla 
D) extensive capillary network on the metanephridia 
E) very long flame bulbs in the protonephridia 
A) absent juxtamedullary nephron 
B) short loop of Henle, excreting dilute urine 
C) long loop of Henle extending deep into the medulla 
D) extensive capillary network on the metanephridia 
E) very long flame bulbs in the protonephridia

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

The filtrate in the renal pelvis enters directly from

Increased ADH secretion is likely after

The typical osmolarity of human blood is

Freshwater flatworms produce urine that is typically

If ATP production in a human kidney were suddenly halted, urine production would

The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is

The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human does not normally include

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid

Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?

In its native habitat, the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)has a diadromous lifecycle. When preparing to migrate from fresh water to the sea, the lamprey must metamorphose so that it can survive the change in salinity. To achieve osmoregulation in the sea, the lamprey must

Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more

ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways?

Natural selection should favour the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species?

Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)functions at the cellular level by

Use the following structural formulas to identify the following items. -Which of the following is excreted as a paste by land snails, insects, birds, and many reptiles because of its solubility and toxicity properties?

The necropsy (postmortem analysis)of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in salt water would likely show that

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an insect is based on the operation of

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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