Question 1

Pyelonephritis is usually caused by antibody-coated:

Accepted Answer

A) bacteria. 
B) fungi. 
C) viruses. 
D) parasites. 
A) bacteria. 
B) fungi. 
C) viruses. 
D) parasites.

Question 2

Match the causes of acute renal failure with examples of specific disorders.
-Acute tubular necrosis

Accepted Answer

A) Prerenal 
B) Intrarenal 
C) Postrenal 
A) Prerenal 
B) Intrarenal 
C) Postrenal

Question 3

How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?

Accepted Answer

A) Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium resulting in more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration. 
B) When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it. 
C) Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell. 
D) Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in exchange for hydrogen. 
A) Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium resulting in more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration. 
B) When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it. 
C) Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell. 
D) Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in exchange for hydrogen.

Question 4

The most common type of renal stone is comprised of:

Accepted Answer

A) magnesium-ammonium-phosphate. 
B) uric acid. 
C) calcium oxalate. 
D) magnesium phosphate. 
A) magnesium-ammonium-phosphate. 
B) uric acid. 
C) calcium oxalate. 
D) magnesium phosphate.

Question 5

The kidney disorder characterized by hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria is:

Accepted Answer

A) nephrotic syndrome. 
B) acute glomerulonephritis. 
C) chronic glomerulonephritis. 
D) pyelonephritis. 
A) nephrotic syndrome. 
B) acute glomerulonephritis. 
C) chronic glomerulonephritis. 
D) pyelonephritis.

Question 6

Azotemia is associated with a decrease in serum urea levels.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

A neurogenic bladder is a functional urinary tract obstruction caused by an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Which statement is false about the skeletal alterations caused by chronic renal failure? When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines to 25% of normal

Accepted Answer

A) parathyroid hormone (PTH) is no longer effective in maintaining serum phosphate levels. 
B) the parathyroid gland is no longer able to secrete sufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH). 
C) there is impaired synthesis of 1,25-vitamin D3, which reduces intestinal absorption of calcium. 
D) there is impaired synthesis of 1,25-vitamin D3, which impairs the effectiveness of calcium and phosphate resorption from bone by parathyroid hormone (PTH). 
A) parathyroid hormone (PTH) is no longer effective in maintaining serum phosphate levels. 
B) the parathyroid gland is no longer able to secrete sufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH). 
C) there is impaired synthesis of 1,25-vitamin D3, which reduces intestinal absorption of calcium. 
D) there is impaired synthesis of 1,25-vitamin D3, which impairs the effectiveness of calcium and phosphate resorption from bone by parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Question 9

Which glomerular lesion is characterized by thickening of the glomerular wall with immune deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and C3?

Accepted Answer

A) Proliferative 
B) Membranous 
C) Mesangial 
D) Crescentic 
A) Proliferative 
B) Membranous 
C) Mesangial 
D) Crescentic

Question 10

Which urine characteristics below are indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) caused by intrinsic (intrarenal) failure?

Accepted Answer

A) Urine sodium >30 mEq/L B) Urine osmolality >500 mOsm C) Fraction excretion of sodium (FENa) <1% D) Urine sediment has no cells, some hyaline casts A) Urine sodium >30 mEq/L B) Urine osmolality >500 mOsm C) Fraction excretion of sodium (FENa) <1% D) Urine sediment has no cells, some hyaline casts

Question 11

Two clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome include decreased glomerular permeability and increased proximal tubule reabsorption.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

The most common causes of uncomplicated urinary tract infections are:

Accepted Answer

A) Staphylococcus. 
B) Klebsiella. 
C) Proteus. 
D) Escherichia coli. 
A) Staphylococcus. 
B) Klebsiella. 
C) Proteus. 
D) Escherichia coli.

Question 13

What part of the central nervous system coordinates the detrusor and urethral sphincter muscles during micturition?

Accepted Answer

A) Spinal cord between C2 and S1 
B) Spinal cord between S2 and S4 
C) Pons 
D) Cauda equina 
A) Spinal cord between C2 and S1 
B) Spinal cord between S2 and S4 
C) Pons 
D) Cauda equina

Question 14

Creatinine is constantly released from _____ tissue and excreted primarily by glomerular filtration.

Accepted Answer

A) nervous system 
B) kidneys 
C) muscle 
D) liver 
A) nervous system 
B) kidneys 
C) muscle 
D) liver

Question 15

When the right kidney is obstructed, the nephrons in the left kidney increase in size to compensate.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

In the formation of renal calculi, pyrophosphate, potassium citrate, and magnesium all:

Accepted Answer

A) inhibit crystal growth. 
B) stimulate supersaturation of salt. 
C) facilitate the precipitation of salts from a liquid to a solid state. 
D) enhance crystallization of salt crystals to form stones. 
A) inhibit crystal growth. 
B) stimulate supersaturation of salt. 
C) facilitate the precipitation of salts from a liquid to a solid state. 
D) enhance crystallization of salt crystals to form stones.

Question 17

An alkaline urinary pH significantly decreases the risk of calcium phosphate stone formation whereas acid urine decreases the risk of uric acid stones.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Considering the innervation of the circular muscles of the bladder neck, which classification of drug is used to treat bladder neck obstruction?

Accepted Answer

A) b-Adrenergic blocking medications 
B) a-Adrenergic blocking medications 
C) Parasympathomimetic medications 
D) Anticholinesterase medications 
A) b-Adrenergic blocking medications 
B) a-Adrenergic blocking medications 
C) Parasympathomimetic medications 
D) Anticholinesterase medications

Question 19

Renal cell carcinoma arises from epithelial cells in the:

Accepted Answer

A) proximal tubule. 
B) distal tubule. 
C) nephron. 
D) glomerulus. 
A) proximal tubule. 
B) distal tubule. 
C) nephron. 
D) glomerulus.

Question 20

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Impairment to the bladder interferes with normal bladder contraction causing residual urine and ascending infection

Accepted Answer

A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma 
A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma

Exam 36: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Pyelonephritis is usually caused by antibody-coated:

Match the causes of acute renal failure with examples of specific disorders. -Acute tubular necrosis

How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?

The most common type of renal stone is comprised of:

The kidney disorder characterized by hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia and lipiduria is:

Azotemia is associated with a decrease in serum urea levels.

A neurogenic bladder is a functional urinary tract obstruction caused by an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder.

Which statement is false about the skeletal alterations caused by chronic renal failure? When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) declines to 25% of normal

Which glomerular lesion is characterized by thickening of the glomerular wall with immune deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and C3?

Which urine characteristics below are indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) caused by intrinsic (intrarenal) failure?

Two clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome include decreased glomerular permeability and increased proximal tubule reabsorption.

The most common causes of uncomplicated urinary tract infections are:

What part of the central nervous system coordinates the detrusor and urethral sphincter muscles during micturition?

Creatinine is constantly released from _____ tissue and excreted primarily by glomerular filtration.

When the right kidney is obstructed, the nephrons in the left kidney increase in size to compensate.

In the formation of renal calculi, pyrophosphate, potassium citrate, and magnesium all:

An alkaline urinary pH significantly decreases the risk of calcium phosphate stone formation whereas acid urine decreases the risk of uric acid stones.

Considering the innervation of the circular muscles of the bladder neck, which classification of drug is used to treat bladder neck obstruction?

Renal cell carcinoma arises from epithelial cells in the:

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Impairment to the bladder interferes with normal bladder contraction causing residual urine and ascending infection

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adult

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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