Question 1

Match the sound of stridor with the location of the problem.
-Bronchial problems

Accepted Answer

A) Sonorous snoring 
B) Muffled voice 
C) High-pitched inspiratory sound, voice change, hoarse 
D) Expiratory stridor or central wheeze 
E) Expiratory wheezes 
A) Sonorous snoring 
B) Muffled voice 
C) High-pitched inspiratory sound, voice change, hoarse 
D) Expiratory stridor or central wheeze 
E) Expiratory wheezes

Question 2

All alveoli are present and functioning at birth.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

About 75% of aspirated foreign objects in children lodge in a bronchus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

In ARDS, a diffuse pulmonary thrombosis contributes to pulmonary edema by:

Accepted Answer

A) decreasing the osmotic pressure. 
B) increasing the capillary hydrostatic pressure. 
C) increasing the pulmonary capillary permeability. 
D) decreasing the retention of sodium and water. 
A) decreasing the osmotic pressure. 
B) increasing the capillary hydrostatic pressure. 
C) increasing the pulmonary capillary permeability. 
D) decreasing the retention of sodium and water.

Question 5

Which arterial blood gas values would be expected in the acute phase of childhood asthma?

Accepted Answer

A) pH 7.6, PaCO₂ 35 mmHg, HCO₃ 32 mEq/L 
B) pH 7.4, PaCO₂ 40 mmHg, HCO₃ 24 mEq/L 
C) pH 7.5, PaCO₂ 30 mmHg, HCO₃ 26 mEq/L 
D) pH 7.2, PaCO₂ 20 mmHg, HCO₃ 30 mEq/L 
A) pH 7.6, PaCO₂ 35 mmHg, HCO₃ 32 mEq/L 
B) pH 7.4, PaCO₂ 40 mmHg, HCO₃ 24 mEq/L 
C) pH 7.5, PaCO₂ 30 mmHg, HCO₃ 26 mEq/L 
D) pH 7.2, PaCO₂ 20 mmHg, HCO₃ 30 mEq/L

Question 6

What are the clinical manifestations of bacterial pneumonia in children?

Accepted Answer

A) Mild to high fever, cough, rhinorrhea, crackles, rhonchi, and wheezes 
B) High fever, productive cough, and pleuritic chest pain 
C) Decreased breath sounds in areas of consolidation and dyspnea 
D) Increased respiratory rate and respiratory alkalosis 
A) Mild to high fever, cough, rhinorrhea, crackles, rhonchi, and wheezes 
B) High fever, productive cough, and pleuritic chest pain 
C) Decreased breath sounds in areas of consolidation and dyspnea 
D) Increased respiratory rate and respiratory alkalosis

Question 7

Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an allergic response?

Accepted Answer

A) IL-1, IL-2, and interferon-alpha (IFN-a) 
B) IL-8, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) 
C) IL-4, IL-10, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) 
D) IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 
A) IL-1, IL-2, and interferon-alpha (IFN-a) 
B) IL-8, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) 
C) IL-4, IL-10, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) 
D) IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13

Question 8

Chest wall compliance in infants is __________ in adults.

Accepted Answer

A) lower than 
B) higher than 
C) the same as 
D) unlike that 
A) lower than 
B) higher than 
C) the same as 
D) unlike that

Question 9

Why is nasal congestion a serious threat to young infants?

Accepted Answer

A) They are obligatory nose breathers. 
B) Their noses are small in diameter. 
C) They become dehydrated when mouth breathing. 
D) Their epiglottis is proportionally greater than an adult's. 
A) They are obligatory nose breathers. 
B) Their noses are small in diameter. 
C) They become dehydrated when mouth breathing. 
D) Their epiglottis is proportionally greater than an adult's.

Question 10

The release of fibroblast growth factors affects ARDS by causing:

Accepted Answer

A) atelectasis and decreased lung compliance. 
B) disruption of alveolocapillary membrane. 
C) pulmonary hypertension. 
D) pulmonary fibrosis. 
A) atelectasis and decreased lung compliance. 
B) disruption of alveolocapillary membrane. 
C) pulmonary hypertension. 
D) pulmonary fibrosis.

Question 11

Which immunoglobulin is present in childhood asthma?

Accepted Answer

A) IgM 
B) IgG 
C) IgE 
D) IgA 
A) IgM 
B) IgG 
C) IgE 
D) IgA

Question 12

What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis?

Accepted Answer

A) A deficit of IL-1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and IFN-a 
B) A deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) 
C) A deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-a 
D) A deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL-24, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF) 
A) A deficit of IL-1 and an excess of IL-4, IL-12, and IFN-a 
B) A deficit of IL-6 and an excess of IL-2, IL-8, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) 
C) A deficit of IL-10 and an excess of IL-1, IL-8, and TNF-a 
D) A deficit of IL-3 and an excess of IL-14, IL-24, and colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

Question 13

Bronchiolitis tends to occur during the first years of life and is most often caused by _____ infection.

Accepted Answer

A) respiratory syncytial virus 
B) influenzavirus 
C) adenoviruses 
D) Epstein-Barr virus 
A) respiratory syncytial virus 
B) influenzavirus 
C) adenoviruses 
D) Epstein-Barr virus

Question 14

An accurate description of childhood asthma is that it is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation. 
B) pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest x-ray. 
C) pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens. 
D) obstructive airway disease characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency. 
A) obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation. 
B) pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest x-ray. 
C) pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens. 
D) obstructive airway disease characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency.

Question 15

Match the sound of stridor with the location of the problem.
-Laryngeal problems

Accepted Answer

A) Sonorous snoring 
B) Muffled voice 
C) High-pitched inspiratory sound, voice change, hoarse 
D) Expiratory stridor or central wheeze 
E) Expiratory wheezes 
A) Sonorous snoring 
B) Muffled voice 
C) High-pitched inspiratory sound, voice change, hoarse 
D) Expiratory stridor or central wheeze 
E) Expiratory wheezes

Question 16

Match the sound of stridor with the location of the problem.
-Nasal problems, foreign body, polyps, or choanal atresia

Accepted Answer

A) Sonorous snoring 
B) Muffled voice 
C) High-pitched inspiratory sound, voice change, hoarse 
D) Expiratory stridor or central wheeze 
E) Expiratory wheezes 
A) Sonorous snoring 
B) Muffled voice 
C) High-pitched inspiratory sound, voice change, hoarse 
D) Expiratory stridor or central wheeze 
E) Expiratory wheezes

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the advances in the treatment of RDS of the newborn is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

A) Administering glucocorticoids to women in preterm labor accelerates the maturation of the fetus's lungs. 
B) Administering oxygen to mothers during preterm labor increases their arterial oxygen before birth of the fetus. 
C) Treatment includes the instillation of exogenous surfactant down an endotracheal tube of infants weighing less than 1000 g. 
D) Supporting the infant's respiratory function by using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). An infant's respiratory function is supported by using continuous pressure (CPAP). 
A) Administering glucocorticoids to women in preterm labor accelerates the maturation of the fetus's lungs. 
B) Administering oxygen to mothers during preterm labor increases their arterial oxygen before birth of the fetus. 
C) Treatment includes the instillation of exogenous surfactant down an endotracheal tube of infants weighing less than 1000 g. 
D) Supporting the infant's respiratory function by using continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). An infant's respiratory function is supported by using continuous pressure (CPAP).

Question 18

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects nearly 100% of children in the United States by 2 or 3 years of age.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

The most common predisposing factor to obstructive sleep apnea of childhood is adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 34: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Match the sound of stridor with the location of the problem. -Bronchial problems

All alveoli are present and functioning at birth.

About 75% of aspirated foreign objects in children lodge in a bronchus.

In ARDS, a diffuse pulmonary thrombosis contributes to pulmonary edema by:

Which arterial blood gas values would be expected in the acute phase of childhood asthma?

What are the clinical manifestations of bacterial pneumonia in children?

Which cytokines activated in childhood asthma produce an allergic response?

Chest wall compliance in infants is __________ in adults.

Why is nasal congestion a serious threat to young infants?

The release of fibroblast growth factors affects ARDS by causing:

Which immunoglobulin is present in childhood asthma?

What are the abnormalities in cytokines found in children with cystic fibrosis?

Bronchiolitis tends to occur during the first years of life and is most often caused by _____ infection.

An accurate description of childhood asthma is that it is a(n):

Match the sound of stridor with the location of the problem. -Laryngeal problems

Match the sound of stridor with the location of the problem. -Nasal problems, foreign body, polyps, or choanal atresia

Which of the following statements about the advances in the treatment of RDS of the newborn is incorrect?

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects nearly 100% of children in the United States by 2 or 3 years of age.

The most common predisposing factor to obstructive sleep apnea of childhood is adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adult

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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