Question 1

Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?

Accepted Answer

A) Angiotensin I 
B) Angiotensin II 
C) Aldosterone 
D) Renin 
A) Angiotensin I 
B) Angiotensin II 
C) Aldosterone 
D) Renin

Question 2

Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign indicate:

Accepted Answer

A) hypokalemia. 
B) hyperkalemia. 
C) hypocalcemia. 
D) hypercalcemia. 
A) hypokalemia. 
B) hyperkalemia. 
C) hypocalcemia. 
D) hypercalcemia.

Question 3

Which are causes of hypocalcemia?

Accepted Answer

A) Repeated blood administration or pancreatitis 
B) Kidney stones and immobility 
C) Decreased resorption of calcium and phosphate from bone 
D) Hyperparathyroidism and bone metastasis 
A) Repeated blood administration or pancreatitis 
B) Kidney stones and immobility 
C) Decreased resorption of calcium and phosphate from bone 
D) Hyperparathyroidism and bone metastasis

Question 4

Loss of sodium and gain of water can cause hyponatremia.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Retention of sodium and water is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?

Accepted Answer

A) Capillary hydrostatic pressure 
B) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure 
C) Capillary oncotic pressure 
D) Interstitial oncotic pressure 
A) Capillary hydrostatic pressure 
B) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure 
C) Capillary oncotic pressure 
D) Interstitial oncotic pressure

Question 6

What is the action of natriuretic peptides?

Accepted Answer

A) They decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion. 
B) They increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion. 
C) They increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion. 
D) They decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion. 
A) They decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion. 
B) They increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion. 
C) They increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion. 
D) They decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion.

Question 7

Insulin and glucose can be given to correct hyperkalemia.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations.
-Confusion, irritability, depression, headache, seizures

Accepted Answer

A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia 
A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia

Question 9

What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?

Accepted Answer

A) The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink. 
B) The high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to swell. 
C) The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of brain cells, which slows the synapses within the brain. 
D) The high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water, causing brain cells to swell. 
A) The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink. 
B) The high sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to swell. 
C) The high sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of brain cells, which slows the synapses within the brain. 
D) The high sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water, causing brain cells to swell.

Question 10

The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances?

Accepted Answer

A) Parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin D 
B) Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D 
C) Thyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin A 
D) Thyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin A 
A) Parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin D 
B) Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D 
C) Thyroid hormone, vasopressin, and vitamin A 
D) Thyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin A

Exam 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?

Chvostek sign and Trousseau sign indicate:

Which are causes of hypocalcemia?

Loss of sodium and gain of water can cause hyponatremia.

Retention of sodium and water is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?

What is the action of natriuretic peptides?

Insulin and glucose can be given to correct hyperkalemia.

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations. -Confusion, irritability, depression, headache, seizures

What causes the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma in hypernatremia?

The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adult

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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