Question 1

Which of the following is a feature of ATP stoichiometry in metabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

A) It is not a consequence of evolution. 
B) A singular number is not required. 
C) It results from biological adaptation. 
D) It cannot be predicted from any chemical considerations. 
A) It is not a consequence of evolution. 
B) A singular number is not required. 
C) It results from biological adaptation. 
D) It cannot be predicted from any chemical considerations. A

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the energy charge (E.C.)of a cell?

Accepted Answer

A) It is rapidly changed by adenylate kinase. 
B) E.C.has a range of 0-1.0. 
C) It is a ratio of adenylate phosphoric anhydride bonds to total adenylate concentration. 
D) It is 1.0 when all the adenylate is ATP. 
A) It is rapidly changed by adenylate kinase. 
B) E.C.has a range of 0-1.0. 
C) It is a ratio of adenylate phosphoric anhydride bonds to total adenylate concentration. 
D) It is 1.0 when all the adenylate is ATP. A

Question 3

Under which of the following conditions are fatty acids released from adipocytes?

Accepted Answer

A) Insulin levels are high. 
B) Glycerol-3-phosphate levels are high. 
C) Adipose ATP levels are high. 
D) Blood glucose levels are low. 
A) Insulin levels are high. 
B) Glycerol-3-phosphate levels are high. 
C) Adipose ATP levels are high. 
D) Blood glucose levels are low. D

Question 4

Which of these enzymes catalyzes the reaction ATP + AMP → 2 ADP?

Accepted Answer

A) adenylate phosphorylase 
B) AMP-phosphotransferase 
C) ADP mutase 
D) adenylate kinase 
A) adenylate phosphorylase 
B) AMP-phosphotransferase 
C) ADP mutase 
D) adenylate kinase

Question 5

What are the 2 metabolic roles served by ATP?

Accepted Answer

A) promoting increased reaction speed and dephosphorylation 
B) changing both Km and Vmax 
C) allosteric regulation and stoichiometric involvement 
D) preventing futile cycles and changing Km 
A) promoting increased reaction speed and dephosphorylation 
B) changing both Km and Vmax 
C) allosteric regulation and stoichiometric involvement 
D) preventing futile cycles and changing Km

Question 6

Muscle contractions occur when a motor nerve impulse causes Ca²⁺ release from specialized compartments.To which regulatory protein does Ca²⁺ bind to initiate events that result in sliding of myosin thick filaments along actin thin filaments?

Accepted Answer

A) myoglobin 
B) calmodulin 
C) troponin C 
D) Na+/K⁺ ATPase 
A) myoglobin 
B) calmodulin 
C) troponin C 
D) Na+/K⁺ ATPase

Question 7

Which of these actions does the brain do during fasting or starvation?

Accepted Answer

A) It converts endogenous fatty acids into β-hydroxybutyrate. 
B) It utilizes β-hydroxybutyrate from the blood stream. 
C) It utilizes amino acids for fuel from degradation of brain protein. 
D) It utilizes its glycogen stores as a first responding source of fuel. 
A) It converts endogenous fatty acids into β-hydroxybutyrate. 
B) It utilizes β-hydroxybutyrate from the blood stream. 
C) It utilizes amino acids for fuel from degradation of brain protein. 
D) It utilizes its glycogen stores as a first responding source of fuel.

Question 8

What is the approximate energy charge of healthy living cells?

Accepted Answer

A) 0.85-0.88 
B) 0.75-0.85 
C) 0.65-0.75 
D) 0.60-0.65 
A) 0.85-0.88 
B) 0.75-0.85 
C) 0.65-0.75 
D) 0.60-0.65

Question 9

What is the term for the constant availability of fuels in the blood,and what is the order of preference for fuel usage?

Accepted Answer

A) phosphorylation potential;glycogen > triacylglycerols > protein 
B) fuel dynamics;triacylglycerols > glycogen > protein 
C) metabolic regulation;triacylglycerols > glycogen > protein 
D) caloric homeostasis;glycogen > triacylglycerols > protein 
A) phosphorylation potential;glycogen > triacylglycerols > protein 
B) fuel dynamics;triacylglycerols > glycogen > protein 
C) metabolic regulation;triacylglycerols > glycogen > protein 
D) caloric homeostasis;glycogen > triacylglycerols > protein

Question 10

Which molecules are fed into catabolism to generate the metabolic intermediates needed to supply anabolism in photoautotrophs?

Accepted Answer

A) lipids 
B) proteins 
C) carbohydrates 
D) nucleic acids 
A) lipids 
B) proteins 
C) carbohydrates 
D) nucleic acids

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with "brown fat"?

Accepted Answer

A) high levels of mitochondria rich in cytochromes 
B) absence of uncoupler protein-1,thermogenin,in the mitochondrial inner membrane 
C) energy from oxidation converted to heat 
D) found in newborns and hibernating animals 
A) high levels of mitochondria rich in cytochromes 
B) absence of uncoupler protein-1,thermogenin,in the mitochondrial inner membrane 
C) energy from oxidation converted to heat 
D) found in newborns and hibernating animals

Question 12

Which regulatory enzyme shows greater activity at low energy charge in an energy-producing pathway?

Accepted Answer

A) hemoglobin 
B) phospholipase C 
C) PKA 
D) PFK-1 
A) hemoglobin 
B) phospholipase C 
C) PKA 
D) PFK-1

Question 13

Which 2 molecules are unique in that they are the only compounds whose purpose is to couple the energy-yielding processes of catabolism to the energy-consuming reactions of anabolism?

Accepted Answer

A) NADH and ATP 
B) ATP and [FADH₂] 
C) [FADH₂] and NADH 
D) ATP and NADPH 
A) NADH and ATP 
B) ATP and [FADH₂] 
C) [FADH₂] and NADH 
D) ATP and NADPH

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a major component of anabolic pathways?

Accepted Answer

A) NADH 
B) glycolysis and citric acid cycle intermediates 
C) ATP,GTP,CTP,UTP 
D) NADPH 
A) NADH 
B) glycolysis and citric acid cycle intermediates 
C) ATP,GTP,CTP,UTP 
D) NADPH

Question 15

Which of these enzymes is activated upon phosphorylation by AMP-activated protein kinase?

Accepted Answer

A) acetyl-CoA carboxylase 
B) phosphofructokinase-2 
C) glycogen synthase 
D) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 
A) acetyl-CoA carboxylase 
B) phosphofructokinase-2 
C) glycogen synthase 
D) 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding hormones that govern eating behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A) insulin: stimulates adipocyte leptin production 
B) leptin: suppresses appetite when levels are high 
C) ghrelin: released from stomach in response to food to further stimulate appetite 
D) cholecystokinin: released from the intestines during eating to signal satiety 
A) insulin: stimulates adipocyte leptin production 
B) leptin: suppresses appetite when levels are high 
C) ghrelin: released from stomach in response to food to further stimulate appetite 
D) cholecystokinin: released from the intestines during eating to signal satiety

Question 17

In which area is glucose NOT pivotal to adipocyte metabolism?

Accepted Answer

A) formation of DHAP for reduction and esterification of fatty acids 
B) provision of glucose-6-phosphate for generating NADPH from the pentose phosphate pathway 
C) synthesis of ketone bodies 
D) conversion of glucose to fatty acids for storage and export 
A) formation of DHAP for reduction and esterification of fatty acids 
B) provision of glucose-6-phosphate for generating NADPH from the pentose phosphate pathway 
C) synthesis of ketone bodies 
D) conversion of glucose to fatty acids for storage and export

Question 18

Which process do muscle cells preferentially use during anaerobic exercise?

Accepted Answer

A) carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate 
B) oxidization of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA 
C) decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde 
D) reduction of pyruvate to lactate 
A) carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate 
B) oxidization of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA 
C) decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde 
D) reduction of pyruvate to lactate

Question 19

Which enzyme do adipocytes lack so that the futile cycle of triacylglycerol hydrolysis and synthesis is prevented?

Accepted Answer

A) DHAP reductase 
B) glycerol kinase 
C) acetyl-CoA carboxylase 
D) carnitine acyl transferase 
A) DHAP reductase 
B) glycerol kinase 
C) acetyl-CoA carboxylase 
D) carnitine acyl transferase

Question 20

What is the general order of available energy sources in muscles during strenuous exertion?

Accepted Answer

A) glycogen > ATP > glucose > fatty acids > phosphocreatine 
B) ATP > phosphocreatine > glycogen >glucose > fatty acids 
C) phosphocreatine > glucose > ATP > fatty acids > glycogen 
D) fatty acids > phosphocreatine > ATP > glucose > glycogen 
A) glycogen > ATP > glucose > fatty acids > phosphocreatine 
B) ATP > phosphocreatine > glycogen >glucose > fatty acids 
C) phosphocreatine > glucose > ATP > fatty acids > glycogen 
D) fatty acids > phosphocreatine > ATP > glucose > glycogen

Exam 33: Metabolic Integration and Organ Specialization

Which of the following is a feature of ATP stoichiometry in metabolic pathways?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the energy charge (E.C.)of a cell?

Under which of the following conditions are fatty acids released from adipocytes?

Which of these enzymes catalyzes the reaction ATP + AMP → 2 ADP?

What are the 2 metabolic roles served by ATP?

Muscle contractions occur when a motor nerve impulse causes Ca²⁺ release from specialized compartments.To which regulatory protein does Ca²⁺ bind to initiate events that result in sliding of myosin thick filaments along actin thin filaments?

Which of these actions does the brain do during fasting or starvation?

What is the approximate energy charge of healthy living cells?

What is the term for the constant availability of fuels in the blood,and what is the order of preference for fuel usage?

Which molecules are fed into catabolism to generate the metabolic intermediates needed to supply anabolism in photoautotrophs?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with "brown fat"?

Which regulatory enzyme shows greater activity at low energy charge in an energy-producing pathway?

Which 2 molecules are unique in that they are the only compounds whose purpose is to couple the energy-yielding processes of catabolism to the energy-consuming reactions of anabolism?

Which of the following is NOT a major component of anabolic pathways?

Which of these enzymes is activated upon phosphorylation by AMP-activated protein kinase?

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding hormones that govern eating behaviour?

In which area is glucose NOT pivotal to adipocyte metabolism?

Which process do muscle cells preferentially use during anaerobic exercise?

Which enzyme do adipocytes lack so that the futile cycle of triacylglycerol hydrolysis and synthesis is prevented?

What is the general order of available energy sources in muscles during strenuous exertion?

The Facts of Life: Chemistry Is the Logic of Biological Phenomena

Water: the Medium of Life

Thermodynamics of Biological Systems

Amino Acids

Proteins: Their Primary Structure and Biological Functions

Proteins: Secondary, tertiary, and Quaternary Structure

Carbohydrates and the Glycoconjugates of Cell Surfaces

Lipids

Lipid Biosynthesis

Membranes and Membrane Transport

The Reception and Transmission of Extracellular Information

Enzymes Kinetics and Specificity

Mechanisms of Enzyme Action

Enzyme Regulation

Molecular Motors

Nutrition and the Organization of Metabolism

Glycolysis

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Photosynthesis

Gluconeogenesis, glycogen Metabolism, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Nitrogen Acquisition and Amino Acid Metabolism

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

Structure of Nucleic Acids

Synthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides

Recombinant Dna: Cloning and Creation of Chimeric Genes

DNA Metabolism: Replication, recombination, and Repair

Transcription and the Regulation of Gene Expression

Protein Synthesis

Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression

Completing the Protein Life Cycle: Folding, processing, and Degradation

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