Question 1

What is the procedure known as flash suppression?

Accepted Answer

A) An observer is not conscious of a stimulus that flashes onto a screen too briefly. 
B) Activity in the cones of the retina inhibits activity in the rods. 
C) Dots flashing on and off block conscious perception of a stationary object. 
D) A conscious observer may have brief periods of momentary unconsciousness. 
A) An observer is not conscious of a stimulus that flashes onto a screen too briefly. 
B) Activity in the cones of the retina inhibits activity in the rods. 
C) Dots flashing on and off block conscious perception of a stationary object. 
D) A conscious observer may have brief periods of momentary unconsciousness.

Question 2

What method did researchers use so that an observer would be conscious of a visual stimulus on some trials and not conscious of the same stimulus on other trials?

Accepted Answer

A) They presented the stimulus sometimes during wakefulness and sometimes during sleep. 
B) They gave the observer drugs that block activity in the visual cortex. 
C) They presented masking stimuli before and after the stimulus. 
D) They asked the observer sometimes to pretend not to see the stimulus. 
A) They presented the stimulus sometimes during wakefulness and sometimes during sleep. 
B) They gave the observer drugs that block activity in the visual cortex. 
C) They presented masking stimuli before and after the stimulus. 
D) They asked the observer sometimes to pretend not to see the stimulus.

Question 3

When people try to remember something under hypnosis,what usually happens?​

Accepted Answer

A) They report no more and no less than they would without hypnosis. 
B) ​They report some new information, which is almost always correct. 
C) ​They report new information, but most of the new information is wrong. 
D) ​They report much correct information, but without any confidence. 
A) They report no more and no less than they would without hypnosis. 
B) ​They report some new information, which is almost always correct. 
C) ​They report new information, but most of the new information is wrong. 
D) ​They report much correct information, but without any confidence.

Question 4

People reported the letter they saw on a screen at the time when they decided whether to press a button with the left or right hand.Researchers recorded brain activity in both hemispheres.When did activity preparing for a left or right hand movement begin?​

Accepted Answer

A) Almost half a second after the reported time of the decision 
B) ​At almost exactly the same time as the reported decision 
C) ​At almost exactly the same time as the movement itself 
D) ​Seven or more seconds before the reported time of the decision 
A) Almost half a second after the reported time of the decision 
B) ​At almost exactly the same time as the reported decision 
C) ​At almost exactly the same time as the movement itself 
D) ​Seven or more seconds before the reported time of the decision

Question 5

The body's major postural muscles are most relaxed during which stage of sleep?

Accepted Answer

A) REM sleep 
B) ​Stage 2 
C) ​Stage 3 
D) ​Stage 4 
A) REM sleep 
B) ​Stage 2 
C) ​Stage 3 
D) ​Stage 4

Question 6

Hypnosis resembles dreaming in what way?

Accepted Answer

A) They have the same lack of activity in the postural muscles. 
B) They show the same pattern of brain activity, as measured by EEG. 
C) They both recover memories from infancy and early childhood. 
D) They have the same lack of initiative and planning. 
A) They have the same lack of activity in the postural muscles. 
B) They show the same pattern of brain activity, as measured by EEG. 
C) They both recover memories from infancy and early childhood. 
D) They have the same lack of initiative and planning.

Question 7

Suppose you see red horizontal stripes in one eye and green vertical stripes in the other.What would you probably experience?

Accepted Answer

A) Compromise: Yellow diagonal stripes 
B) Alternation: First the red stripes, then green stripes, then red, and so forth 
C) Dominance: Just the red or the green, and never the other 
D) Superposition: Red stripes on top of green stripes 
A) Compromise: Yellow diagonal stripes 
B) Alternation: First the red stripes, then green stripes, then red, and so forth 
C) Dominance: Just the red or the green, and never the other 
D) Superposition: Red stripes on top of green stripes

Question 8

Which device can indicate whether someone is in stage 1,2,3,or 4 of sleep?​

Accepted Answer

A) MRI 
B) ​IAT 
C) ​PET 
D) ​EEG 
A) MRI 
B) ​IAT 
C) ​PET 
D) ​EEG

Question 9

What type of person would probably respond strongly to hypnotism?

Accepted Answer

A) Someone of below-average intelligence and limited education 
B) Someone who reacts to movies as if the events were real 
C) Someone who starts the session by resisting and refusing to cooperate 
D) Someone who has a family history of insomnia 
A) Someone of below-average intelligence and limited education 
B) Someone who reacts to movies as if the events were real 
C) Someone who starts the session by resisting and refusing to cooperate 
D) Someone who has a family history of insomnia

Question 10

What is characteristic of someone in a minimally conscious state?

Accepted Answer

A) No brain activity and no response to any stimulus 
B) Low, steady brain activity and no response to any stimulus 
C) Limited responsiveness, such as increased heart rate in response to pain 
D) Brief periods of purposeful actions and speech comprehension 
A) No brain activity and no response to any stimulus 
B) Low, steady brain activity and no response to any stimulus 
C) Limited responsiveness, such as increased heart rate in response to pain 
D) Brief periods of purposeful actions and speech comprehension

Question 11

What is the main criticism of Freud's theory of dreams?​

Accepted Answer

A) Freud thought dreams occurred only during non-REM sleep. 
B) ​Freud underestimated the sexual content of most dreams. 
C) ​The accuracy of his interpretations was difficult or impossible to check. 
D) ​Most dreams are much more pleasant than Freud recognized. 
A) Freud thought dreams occurred only during non-REM sleep. 
B) ​Freud underestimated the sexual content of most dreams. 
C) ​The accuracy of his interpretations was difficult or impossible to check. 
D) ​Most dreams are much more pleasant than Freud recognized.

Question 12

What effect does hypnosis have on memory?​

Accepted Answer

A) Under hypnosis, people remember details going back to early childhood. 
B) ​Under hypnosis, people remember details they had seen or heard in recent weeks. 
C) ​Under hypnosis, people report many events that are factually incorrect. 
D) ​Under hypnosis, become more selective, reporting only what they remember clearly. 
A) Under hypnosis, people remember details going back to early childhood. 
B) ​Under hypnosis, people remember details they had seen or heard in recent weeks. 
C) ​Under hypnosis, people report many events that are factually incorrect. 
D) ​Under hypnosis, become more selective, reporting only what they remember clearly.

Question 13

Narcolepsy can be described as which of the following?​

Accepted Answer

A) Prolongation of the circadian rhythm to more than 24 hours 
B) ​Intrusions of REM sleep into the waking period 
C) ​Failure to distinguish dreams from reality 
D) ​Failure to inhibit muscle activity during REM sleep 
A) Prolongation of the circadian rhythm to more than 24 hours 
B) ​Intrusions of REM sleep into the waking period 
C) ​Failure to distinguish dreams from reality 
D) ​Failure to inhibit muscle activity during REM sleep

Question 14

​Why does watching television or using a computer late at night sometimes interfere with sleep?

Accepted Answer

A) Those devices emit the type of light that resets the circadian rhythm. 
B) ​Those devices emit ultrasonic vibrations that increase heart rate. 
C) ​The excitement from using those devices increases production of steroid hormones. 
D) ​The content of those devices causes dreams to start earlier than usual in the night. 
A) Those devices emit the type of light that resets the circadian rhythm. 
B) ​Those devices emit ultrasonic vibrations that increase heart rate. 
C) ​The excitement from using those devices increases production of steroid hormones. 
D) ​The content of those devices causes dreams to start earlier than usual in the night.

Question 15

One man in a vegetative state answered yes/no questions by doing what?

Accepted Answer

A) Wiggling a finger of his left hand or his right hand 
B) Increasing or decreasing his rate of eye blinks 
C) Smiling or frowning 
D) Increasing brain activity in one or another brain area 
A) Wiggling a finger of his left hand or his right hand 
B) Increasing or decreasing his rate of eye blinks 
C) Smiling or frowning 
D) Increasing brain activity in one or another brain area

Question 16

Who are most likely to experience night terrors?

Accepted Answer

A) Children 
B) Overweight men 
C) People who abuse alcohol 
D) People over age 50 
A) Children 
B) Overweight men 
C) People who abuse alcohol 
D) People over age 50

Question 17

​Studies of the dreams of college students in five countries found what result?

Accepted Answer

A) Dreams about sex were common in some countries and very rare in others. 
B) ​In all countries, many dreams were about watching television or using a computer. 
C) ​In all countries, most dreams were about topics of little interest. 
D) ​In all countries, most dreams were about threats and dangers. 
A) Dreams about sex were common in some countries and very rare in others. 
B) ​In all countries, many dreams were about watching television or using a computer. 
C) ​In all countries, most dreams were about topics of little interest. 
D) ​In all countries, most dreams were about threats and dangers.

Question 18

Which animal species,during which time,show very little need for sleep?​

Accepted Answer

A) Birds while migrating 
B) ​Hoofed animals during mating season 
C) ​Predators during the rainy season 
D) ​Coyotes during the dry season 
A) Birds while migrating 
B) ​Hoofed animals during mating season 
C) ​Predators during the rainy season 
D) ​Coyotes during the dry season

Question 19

During a period of prolonged sleeplessness,what danger is likely?​

Accepted Answer

A) Temporary paralysis on one side of the body 
B) ​Outbursts of unprovoked violent behavior 
C) ​Lapses of attention similar to a drunk driver 
D) ​Increased risk of anorexia nervosa 
A) Temporary paralysis on one side of the body 
B) ​Outbursts of unprovoked violent behavior 
C) ​Lapses of attention similar to a drunk driver 
D) ​Increased risk of anorexia nervosa

Question 20

Which of the following are important functions of sleep?

Accepted Answer

A) Saving energy and strengthening memory 
B) Strengthening muscles and providing dreams that predict the future 
C) Removing lactic acid from the brain and increasing the velocity of action potentials 
D) Stimulating underused synapses and increasing body temperature 
A) Saving energy and strengthening memory 
B) Strengthening muscles and providing dreams that predict the future 
C) Removing lactic acid from the brain and increasing the velocity of action potentials 
D) Stimulating underused synapses and increasing body temperature

Exam 10: Consciousnessconsciousness

What is the procedure known as flash suppression?

What method did researchers use so that an observer would be conscious of a visual stimulus on some trials and not conscious of the same stimulus on other trials?

When people try to remember something under hypnosis,what usually happens?​

People reported the letter they saw on a screen at the time when they decided whether to press a button with the left or right hand.Researchers recorded brain activity in both hemispheres.When did activity preparing for a left or right hand movement begin?​

The body's major postural muscles are most relaxed during which stage of sleep?

Hypnosis resembles dreaming in what way?

Suppose you see red horizontal stripes in one eye and green vertical stripes in the other.What would you probably experience?

Which device can indicate whether someone is in stage 1,2,3,or 4 of sleep?​

What type of person would probably respond strongly to hypnotism?

What is characteristic of someone in a minimally conscious state?

What is the main criticism of Freud's theory of dreams?​

What effect does hypnosis have on memory?​

Narcolepsy can be described as which of the following?​

​Why does watching television or using a computer late at night sometimes interfere with sleep?

One man in a vegetative state answered yes/no questions by doing what?

Who are most likely to experience night terrors?

​Studies of the dreams of college students in five countries found what result?

Which animal species,during which time,show very little need for sleep?​

During a period of prolonged sleeplessness,what danger is likely?​

Which of the following are important functions of sleep?

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Filters

When people try to remember something under hypnosis,what usually happens?

People reported the letter they saw on a screen at the time when they decided whether to press a button with the left or right hand.Researchers recorded brain activity in both hemispheres.When did activity preparing for a left or right hand movement begin?

Which device can indicate whether someone is in stage 1,2,3,or 4 of sleep?

What is the main criticism of Freud's theory of dreams?

What effect does hypnosis have on memory?

Narcolepsy can be described as which of the following?

Why does watching television or using a computer late at night sometimes interfere with sleep?

Studies of the dreams of college students in five countries found what result?

Which animal species,during which time,show very little need for sleep?

During a period of prolonged sleeplessness,what danger is likely?