Exam 2: Plato Knowledge Is Recollection

Descartes realizes that "if I desire to discover anything certain," then …

What are Astell's three modes of understanding?

Hume tells us that "causes and effects are discoverable, not by reason but by experience."

Socrates asks, "If we have made him [the boy] doubt, then have we done him any harm?" Socrates then answers this question by saying ...

For Hume, all the objects of human reason or enquiry may naturally be divided into two kinds: fallacies and proof.

If the thesis that a theory is always underdetermined by the evidence adduced in its support, then a consequence of this is that ...

Peirce says, "Few persons care to study logic, because it is an abstruse and formal method of ratiocination."

Define and give an example of "analytic judgments."

The Epistemologist tells Frank, "You kept saying it seems red to you, it seems like it seems red to you, you believe it is red, you believe that you believe it is red, and so forth." He then adds, "When I originally asked you What color is the book? if you had simply answered, I don't know, this whole painful discussion would have been avoided."

Gettier presents two cases in which the conditions are true for some proposition, though it is at the same time impossible for anyone to know the proposition.

Frank says he believes that the deadlock in the discussion is simply due to the fact that he and the Epistemologist mean different things by the word "belief." In other words, that the entire difference is purely metaphysical.

Why does Koertge worry that "The proponents of politically progressive science, however, would argue that science has always been impregnated with social values through and through. Their agenda is not to try to make science more value-neutral. Rather it is to inject the correct values at all stages"?

Zagzebski says, "My view is that getting to the truth through the reflective use of our faculties is more of a slippery slope than getting to the truth through the unreflective use of our faculties."

Astell claims that the three modes of understanding are distinguished by the different degrees of truth and accuracy in the premises from which the conclusion is drawn.

For Koertge, "it would seem obvious that the overriding professional goal of science is to discover ..."

For Kant, if a judgment carries with it strict and absolute universality (it admits of No possible exception), then it is not derived from experience, but is valid ...

Zagzebski claims that, "The human community has developed norms of reasoning by reflection upon the connection between what we do cognitively and what we later, upon reflection, judge as successful. These norms have been codified into rules. The human community has also identified intellectual traits that we reflectively judge make us more successful at getting truth-or reaching other epistemic ends, such as understanding. We call these intellectual metrics."

Why does Aristotle claim that the "intellect is nothing at all actually before it thinks. Thus, we cannot conceive it to be mixed with the body"?

Explain the thesis that a theory is always underdetermined by the evidence.

What is the Epistemologist's opinion of "private mental states"? Why does he hold that view?