Question 1

One of the most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)is

Accepted Answer

A)  ischemic conditions. 
B)  cytotoxic agents. 
C)  immune reaction. 
D)  prolonged postrenal kidney injury. 
A)  ischemic conditions. 
B)  cytotoxic agents. 
C)  immune reaction. 
D)  prolonged postrenal kidney injury.

Question 2

Anemia in people who have end-stage chronic renal disease is caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  chronic loss of blood in the urine. 
B)  poor appetite, with lack of iron intake. 
C)  decreased secretion of erythropoietin. 
D)  increased secretion of aldosterone. 
A)  chronic loss of blood in the urine. 
B)  poor appetite, with lack of iron intake. 
C)  decreased secretion of erythropoietin. 
D)  increased secretion of aldosterone.

Question 3

Which intervention has been found to retard the advancement of chronic kidney disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Calcium supplementation 
B)  Erythropoietin 
C)  Insulin 
D)  ACE inhibitors 
A)  Calcium supplementation 
B)  Erythropoietin 
C)  Insulin 
D)  ACE inhibitors

Question 4

The patient most at risk for post-renal acute kidney injury is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  elderly patient with hypertrophy of the prostate. 
B)  middle-aged woman with bladder infection. 
C)  young child with reflux at the ureterovesical junction. 
D)  patient who has both hypertension and diabetes. 
A)  elderly patient with hypertrophy of the prostate. 
B)  middle-aged woman with bladder infection. 
C)  young child with reflux at the ureterovesical junction. 
D)  patient who has both hypertension and diabetes.

Question 5

The effect on the renal tubules during the postoliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis involves

Accepted Answer

A)  reconstruction of the basement membrane. 
B)  blocking the tubule lumens by dead cells. 
C)  making the glomeruli patent again. 
D)  regeneration of the renal tubular epithelium. 
A)  reconstruction of the basement membrane. 
B)  blocking the tubule lumens by dead cells. 
C)  making the glomeruli patent again. 
D)  regeneration of the renal tubular epithelium.

Question 6

Acute tubular necrosis can occur from

Accepted Answer

A)  increased ammonia levels from liver failure. 
B)  contrast dyes used for radiologic studies. 
C)  ischemia due to hypovolemia. 
D)  antibiotics that are nephrotoxic. 
A)  increased ammonia levels from liver failure. 
B)  contrast dyes used for radiologic studies. 
C)  ischemia due to hypovolemia. 
D)  antibiotics that are nephrotoxic.

Question 7

Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because

Accepted Answer

A)  excess potassium leaches calcium from bone. 
B)  erythropoietin secretion is impaired. 
C)  urea causes demineralization of bone. 
D)  they are deficient in active vitamin D. 
A)  excess potassium leaches calcium from bone. 
B)  erythropoietin secretion is impaired. 
C)  urea causes demineralization of bone. 
D)  they are deficient in active vitamin D.

Question 8

Postrenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  severe hypotension. 
B)  glomerulonephritis. 
C)  bilateral kidney stones. 
D)  acute tubular necrosis. 
A)  severe hypotension. 
B)  glomerulonephritis. 
C)  bilateral kidney stones. 
D)  acute tubular necrosis.

Question 9

Appropriate management of end-stage renal disease includes

Accepted Answer

A)  potassium supplementation. 
B)  a high-protein diet. 
C)  erythropoietin administration. 
D)  a high-phosphate diet. 
A)  potassium supplementation. 
B)  a high-protein diet. 
C)  erythropoietin administration. 
D)  a high-phosphate diet.

Question 10

The condition associated with end-stage chronic renal disease that is the most immediately life threatening is

Accepted Answer

A)  azotemia. 
B)  increased creatinine. 
C)  hypertension. 
D)  hyperkalemia. 
A)  azotemia. 
B)  increased creatinine. 
C)  hypertension. 
D)  hyperkalemia.

Question 11

The risk for contrast media-induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN)is highest in

Accepted Answer

A)  a 70-year-old patient with heart failure. 
B)  a 50-year-old patient post gallbladder surgery. 
C)  a 12-year-old patient with recurrent bladder infections. 
D)  a 30-year-old patient with appendicitis. 
A)  a 70-year-old patient with heart failure. 
B)  a 50-year-old patient post gallbladder surgery. 
C)  a 12-year-old patient with recurrent bladder infections. 
D)  a 30-year-old patient with appendicitis.

Question 12

The most common agent resulting in nephrotoxicity and subsequent acute tubular necrosis (ATN)in hospitalized patients is

Accepted Answer

A)  contrast media. 
B)  antibiotics. 
C)  cancer chemotherapy. 
D)  recreational drugs. 
A)  contrast media. 
B)  antibiotics. 
C)  cancer chemotherapy. 
D)  recreational drugs.

Question 13

Osteoporosis commonly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease because of

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperparathyroidism. 
B)  hypercalcemia. 
C)  excess active vitamin D. 
D)  phosphorous deficiency. 
A)  hyperparathyroidism. 
B)  hypercalcemia. 
C)  excess active vitamin D. 
D)  phosphorous deficiency.

Question 14

The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by

Accepted Answer

A)  fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance. 
B)  fever and diminishing cognition. 
C)  sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine. 
D)  magnesium and phosphorous loss in the urine. 
A)  fluid excess and electrolyte imbalance. 
B)  fever and diminishing cognition. 
C)  sodium retention and potassium loss in the urine. 
D)  magnesium and phosphorous loss in the urine.

Question 15

If acute tubular necrosis (ATN)does not resolve and continued tubular dysfunction ensues, the patient will then experience

Accepted Answer

A)  oliguria and sodium retention. 
B)  infections and sepsis. 
C)  magnesium and phosphorus loss in urine. 
D)  polyuria and sodium wasting. 
A)  oliguria and sodium retention. 
B)  infections and sepsis. 
C)  magnesium and phosphorus loss in urine. 
D)  polyuria and sodium wasting.

Question 16

Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  severe hypotension. 
B)  glomerulonephritis. 
C)  bilateral kidney stones. 
D)  acute tubular necrosis. 
A)  severe hypotension. 
B)  glomerulonephritis. 
C)  bilateral kidney stones. 
D)  acute tubular necrosis.

Question 17

Gastrointestinal drainage, perioperative and postoperative hypotension, and hemorrhage may all contribute to renal failure by causing

Accepted Answer

A)  hydronephrosis. 
B)  acute tubular necrosis. 
C)  nephrosis. 
D)  renal inflammation. 
A)  hydronephrosis. 
B)  acute tubular necrosis. 
C)  nephrosis. 
D)  renal inflammation.

Question 18

In patients with polycystic kidney disease, renal failure is expected to progress over time as the cystic process destroys more nephrons.At what point will a patient reach end-stage renal disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Greater than 15% 
B)  Greater than 25% nephron loss 
C)  Greater than 50% nephron loss 
D)  Greater than 90% nephron loss 
A)  Greater than 15% 
B)  Greater than 25% nephron loss 
C)  Greater than 50% nephron loss 
D)  Greater than 90% nephron loss

Exam 28: Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

One of the most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)is

Anemia in people who have end-stage chronic renal disease is caused by

Which intervention has been found to retard the advancement of chronic kidney disease?

The patient most at risk for post-renal acute kidney injury is a(n)

The effect on the renal tubules during the postoliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis involves

Acute tubular necrosis can occur from

Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because

Postrenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

Appropriate management of end-stage renal disease includes

The condition associated with end-stage chronic renal disease that is the most immediately life threatening is

The risk for contrast media-induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN)is highest in

The most common agent resulting in nephrotoxicity and subsequent acute tubular necrosis (ATN)in hospitalized patients is

Osteoporosis commonly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease because of

The oliguric phase of acute tubular necrosis is characterized by

If acute tubular necrosis (ATN)does not resolve and continued tubular dysfunction ensues, the patient will then experience

Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by

Gastrointestinal drainage, perioperative and postoperative hypotension, and hemorrhage may all contribute to renal failure by causing

In patients with polycystic kidney disease, renal failure is expected to progress over time as the cystic process destroys more nephrons.At what point will a patient reach end-stage renal disease?

Introduction to Pathophysiology

Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors

Cell Structure and Function

Cell Injury, Aging, and Death

Genome Structure, Regulation, and Tissue Differentiation

Genetic and Developmental Disorders

Neoplasia

Infectious Processes

Inflammation and Immunity

Alterations in Immune Function

Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells

HIV Disease and AIDS

Alterations in Oxygen Transport

Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation

Alterations in Blood Flow

Alterations in Blood Pressure

Cardiac Function

Alterations in Cardiac Function

Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases

Shock

Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders

Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances

Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances

Renal Function

Intrarenal Disorders

Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract

Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function

Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Gastrointestinal Function

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas

Liver Diseases

Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation

Disorders of Endocrine Function

Diabetes Mellitus

Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Acute Disorders of Brain Function

Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function

Alterations in Special Sensory Function

Pain

Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses

Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders

Alterations in the Integumentary System

Burn Injuries

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