Exam 20: Collective Behavior,Social Movements,and Social Change

Unlike __________ behavior (for example,in education,religion,or politics),collective behavior lacks established norms to govern behavior.

Explain the theories of crowd behavior.

Collective behavior occurs as a result of some common influence or stimulus that produces a response from a(n) __________,which is a number of people who act together and may mutually transcend,bypass,or subvert established institutional patterns and structures.

"To reinforce the existing generalized belief,an inciting incident or dramatic event must occur." This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of:

Describe the resource mobilization theory.

__________ is the linking together of interpretive orientations of individuals and social movement organizations so that there is congruence between individuals' interests,beliefs,and values and the movement's ideologies,goals,and activities.

__________ refer(s) to the discontent that people may feel when they compare their achievements with those of similarly situated persons and find that they have less than they think they deserve.

According to __________ theory,people who are satisfied with their present condition are less likely to seek social change.Social movements arise as a response to people's perception that they have been deprived of their "fair share."

The __________ reflects the influence of sociologist Erving Goffman's "Frame Analysis," in which he suggests that our interpretation of the particulars of events and activities is dependent on the framework from which we perceive them.

__________ movements seek to produce radical change in individuals and are typically based on spiritual or supernatural belief systems.

__________ theory looks at a diverse array of collective actions and the manner in which those actions are based in politics,ideology,and culture.It also incorporates factors of identity,including race,class,gender,and sexuality as sources of collective action and social movements.

__________ focuses on the shared emotions,goals,and beliefs that many people may bring to crowd behavior.

People engaging in collective behavior may be divided into crowds and masses.A crowd is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another's immediate vicinity.By contrast,a mass is a relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity.

When social movements reach the institutionalization (bureaucratization) stage,the initial zeal and idealism of members may diminish as administrators take over management of the organization.Early grassroots supporters may become disillusioned and drop out.

Mobs,riots,and panics are examples of __________ crowds.

The United States still has one of the best public education systems in the world for the top 15 percent of the students,but it badly fails the bottom 25 percent.

Describe the conditions for collective behavior.

__________ is the belief that a disproportionate number of hazardous Facilities (including industries such as waste disposal/treatment and Chemical plants) are placed in low-income areas populated primarily by People of color.

Discuss the social constructionist theory: frame analysis.

Recently,a variety of "New Age" movements have directed people's behavior by emphasizing spiritual consciousness combined with a belief in reincarnation and astrology.This is an example of __________ movements.