Exam 20: Collective Behavior,Social Movements,and Social Change

According to the text,social movements:

__________ movements seek to prevent change or to undo change that has already occurred.

Discuss the relative deprivation theory.

"For a movement to develop,there must be a clear statement of the problem and a shared view of its cause,effects,and possible solution." This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of:

Frame bridging refers to the process whereby the creation and maintenance of new values,beliefs,and meanings induce movement participation by redefining activities and events in such a manner that people believe they must become involved in collective action.

Some religious movements are __________,that is,they forecast that "the end is near" and assert that an immediate change in behavior is imperative.

Public opinion consists of the attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers.It is measured through polls and surveys,which use research methods such as interviews and questionnaires.

Sometimes,acts of civil disobedience become violent,as in a confrontation between protesters and police officers; in this case,a protest crowd becomes a(n) __________ crowd.

Religious services,graduation ceremonies,concerts,and college lectures are examples of a(n) __________ crowd.

In the __________ stage of a social movement,widespread unrest is present as people become aware of a problem.At this stage,leaders emerge to agitate others into taking action.

__________ is nonviolent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it.

Sociologist __________ asserted that fashion serves mainly to institutionalize conspicuous consumption among the wealthy.

Sociologists Clark McPhail and Ronald Wohlstein added __________ crowds to the four types of crowds identified by Blumer.These types of crowds engage in activities intended to achieve specific political goals.

People contribute to changes in the Earth's physical condition.Through Soil erosion and other degradation of grazing land,often at the hands of People,an estimated __________ tons of topsoil is lost annually.

According to the text,__________ was the first U.S.sociologist to investigate crowd behavior.

Examples of a(n) __________ include celebrations after sports victories,such as those that occurred in Montreal,Canada,following a Stanley Cup win and in Vancouver following a playoff victory.

Sociologist Herbert Blumer developed a typology in which crowds are divided into four categories.Which of the following is NOT one of these categories?

"People must become aware of a significant problem and have the opportunity to engage in collective action.Movements are more likely to occur when a person,class,or agency can be singled out as the source of the problem." This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of:

Sociologist _________ viewed gossip as something that spread among A small group of individuals who personally knew the person who was the Object of the rumor.

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.__________ framing pinpoints possible solutions or remedies,based on the target previously identified.