Exam 6: Groups and Organizations

William Graham Sumner argued that distinguishing between our ingroups and our outgroups helps us:

__________ are small workgroups made up of about five to fifteen workers who meet regularly with one or two managers to discuss the group's performance and working conditions.The purpose of this team approach to management is both to improve product quality and to lower product costs.

The self-protective behavior of officials at the top may render the Organization ineffective.This is an example of which of the following types Of problems of bureaucracies?

Define ingroup,outgroup,and reference group,and provide examples to illustrate your definitions.

According to Max Weber,__________ is the process by which traditional methods of social organization,characterized by informality and spontaneity,are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

Corporations,schools,and government agencies are all examples of:

Compare normative,coercive,and utilitarian organizations and describe the nature of membership in each.

The optimum method of completing a task that involves a rational determination of the best mode of production is referred to as:

Sociologist Amitai Etzioni classified formal organizations into three categories: normative,coercive,and controlling.

According to George Ritzer,the process of "McDonaldization" has become a global phenomenon,as four elements of rationality can be found in fast-food restaurants and other "speedy" or "jiffy" businesses.

The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society,subculture,or other group is referred to as:

Bureaucratic organizations are characterized by __________,the specialization where each member has highly specialized tasks to fulfill.

As the introductory story depicts,professors across the nation are embracing technology and allowing it in the classroom to connect with their students.

__________ leaders are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.

According to Charles H.Cooley,a __________ group is a larger,more specialized grouping in which the members engage in more impersonal,goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

In Stanley Milgram's experiments,the respondents were:

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

__________ occurs when the rules become an end in themselves rather than a means to an end,and organizational survival becomes more important than achievement of goals.

In relation to types of groups,describe sociologist William Graham Sumner's theory on ingroups and outgroups.

George Ritzer coined the term __________ to describe the process of rationalization,which means the substitution of logically consistent rules for traditional rules.