Exam 20: Collective Behavior,Social Movements,and Social Change

__________ is/are collective behavior(s) that take(s) place when people (who often are geographically separated from one another) respond to the same event in much the same way.

__________ provide(s) people who otherwise would not have the resources to enter the game of politics a chance to do so.

Define and describe collective behavior and institutional behavior.

__________ focuses on the social-psychological aspects of collective behavior; it attempts to explain how moods,attitudes,and behavior are communicated rapidly and why they are accepted by others.

__________ is a form of dispersed collective behavior that occurs when a large number of people react with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior to a real or perceived threat.

In his study of a lynch mob,social psychologist Hadley Cantril found that:

When successful framing occurs,the individual's vague dissatisfactions are turned into well-defined grievances,and people are compelled to join the movement in an effort to reduce or eliminate those grievances.

Social movements are more likely to develop in preindustrial societies than in industrialized societies,where acceptance of traditional beliefs and practices makes such movements unlikely.

A collectivity is a number of people who act together and may mutually transcend,bypass,or subvert established institutional patterns and structures.

A fad is defined as a currently valued style of behavior,thinking,or appearance.Unlike fashions,fads tend to be longer lasting.Fashions are a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people.

Love Canal residents were engaging in __________ behavior when they called attention to their problems with the chemical dump site by staging a protest in which they "burned in effigy" the governor and the health commissioner to emphasize their displeasure with the lack of response from these public officials.

Sociologist William Ogburn suggested that when a change in the material culture occurs in society,a period of cultural diffusion follows in which the nonmaterial (ideological) culture has not caught up with material development.

__________ refers to unsubstantiated reports on an issue or subject.

Based on an analysis of U.S.social protest groups (ranging from labor unions to peace movements) between 1800 to 1945,one study concluded that __________ strongly influence its chances of success.

Unlike the __________ behavior that is found in corporations and voluntary associations (such as labor unions),collective behavior lacks an official division of labor,hierarchy of authority,and established rules and procedures.

In 1938,actor Orson Welles hosted a radio broadcast dramatizing H.G.Wells' science fiction classic The War of the Worlds.A CBS radio dance music program was interrupted suddenly by a news bulletin informing the audience that Martians had landed in New Jersey and were in the process of conquering the earth.The ensuing reaction is an example of:

The most common type of __________ occurs when people seek to escape from a perceived danger,fearing that few (if any) of them will be able to get away from that danger.They also arise in response to events that people believe are beyond their control.

Scholar Gustave Le Bon asserted that emotions such as fear and hate are contagious in crowds because people experience an increase in personal responsibility; they will do things by themselves that they would never do as a collectivity.

Sociologist Riley E.Dunlap found that public awareness of the seriousness of environmental problems and support for environmental protection:

Identify the stages in social movements and explain why social movements may be an important source of social change.