Question 1

If an Alaskan kelp forest is left undisturbed

Accepted Answer

A)  A well-developed multistory canopy will develop eventually 
B)  Only a relatively low-lying kelp species will come to dominate and eliminate most other kelp species 
C)  Urchins will stop consuming seaweeds 
D)  Sea otters will switch to feeding on kelp 
A)  A well-developed multistory canopy will develop eventually 
B)  Only a relatively low-lying kelp species will come to dominate and eliminate most other kelp species 
C)  Urchins will stop consuming seaweeds 
D)  Sea otters will switch to feeding on kelp B

Question 2

Sea grasses such as eel grass

Accepted Answer

A)  Can spread populations only by rhizome extension 
B)  Are flowering plants that are pollinated by flying insects at the time of low tide 
C)  Are flowering plants that are fertilized by pollen that is spread by water currents 
D)  Are flowering plants with self-fertilization only 
A)  Can spread populations only by rhizome extension 
B)  Are flowering plants that are pollinated by flying insects at the time of low tide 
C)  Are flowering plants that are fertilized by pollen that is spread by water currents 
D)  Are flowering plants with self-fertilization only C

Question 3

Global warming is likely to affect coral reefs

Accepted Answer

A)  By decreases in pH, which will reduce calcification 
B)  By rises in sea level, which may drown some reefs 
C)  By high temperature stress, which may cause bleaching 
D)  All of the above 
A)  By decreases in pH, which will reduce calcification 
B)  By rises in sea level, which may drown some reefs 
C)  By high temperature stress, which may cause bleaching 
D)  All of the above D

Question 4

El Niños

Accepted Answer

A)  Are very beneficial for kelp forest growth 
B)  Have no effect on kelp forest growth 
C)  Negatively affect kelp forest growth 
D)  Kill kelps because of the very cold water they bring 
A)  Are very beneficial for kelp forest growth 
B)  Have no effect on kelp forest growth 
C)  Negatively affect kelp forest growth 
D)  Kill kelps because of the very cold water they bring

Question 5

Corals growing slowly on reefs

Accepted Answer

A)  Are always overgrown by faster growing corals, so they survive only by high larval recruitment 
B)  May maintain themselves by aggressive responses toward neighbors 
C)  Live only on the undersides of other corals 
D)  Tend to grow tall so as to shade out their neighbors 
A)  Are always overgrown by faster growing corals, so they survive only by high larval recruitment 
B)  May maintain themselves by aggressive responses toward neighbors 
C)  Live only on the undersides of other corals 
D)  Tend to grow tall so as to shade out their neighbors

Question 6

Kelp forests are an example

Accepted Answer

A)  Of an environment with little herbivory 
B)  Of an environment where water flow is not an important factor 
C)  Of an environment with a strong trophic cascade 
D)  Of a group of species adapted to warm, turbulent waters 
A)  Of an environment with little herbivory 
B)  Of an environment where water flow is not an important factor 
C)  Of an environment with a strong trophic cascade 
D)  Of a group of species adapted to warm, turbulent waters

Question 7

Green turtles

Accepted Answer

A)  Decimate turtle grass flats and encourage the growth of seaweeds 
B)  Feed only on grass tips and encourage grass growth 
C)  Do not feed on sea grasses, only the invertebrates within the beds 
D)  Have increased because of the increase of sea grasses in the Caribbean 
A)  Decimate turtle grass flats and encourage the growth of seaweeds 
B)  Feed only on grass tips and encourage grass growth 
C)  Do not feed on sea grasses, only the invertebrates within the beds 
D)  Have increased because of the increase of sea grasses in the Caribbean

Question 8

Coral atolls

Accepted Answer

A)  Are found strictly in the Pacific 
B)  Are formed by rising of the earth's crust 
C)  Are formed by sinking of the earth's crust 
D)  Grow in higher latitudes than coastal reefs 
A)  Are found strictly in the Pacific 
B)  Are formed by rising of the earth's crust 
C)  Are formed by sinking of the earth's crust 
D)  Grow in higher latitudes than coastal reefs

Question 9

Subtidal rocky reefs

Accepted Answer

A)  Tend to be dominated by solitary animal species, such as barnacles 
B)  Have faunas that are very similar to the fauna of rocky shores 
C)  Contain very homogeneous assemblages of invertebrates 
D)  Are usually dominated by colonial invertebrates 
A)  Tend to be dominated by solitary animal species, such as barnacles 
B)  Have faunas that are very similar to the fauna of rocky shores 
C)  Contain very homogeneous assemblages of invertebrates 
D)  Are usually dominated by colonial invertebrates

Question 10

If a disease exterminated all of the sea otters

Accepted Answer

A)  Kelps would soon greatly increase in abundance 
B)  Sea urchins would be short of their preferred food 
C)  Competition among species of kelps would be reduced 
D)  Urchin populations would continue to increase indefinitely 
A)  Kelps would soon greatly increase in abundance 
B)  Sea urchins would be short of their preferred food 
C)  Competition among species of kelps would be reduced 
D)  Urchin populations would continue to increase indefinitely

Question 11

A barrens is liable to form when

Accepted Answer

A)  Sea otters are very abundant 
B)  Urchins are very abundant 
C)  Storms are infrequent 
D)  Kelps grow too rapidly 
A)  Sea otters are very abundant 
B)  Urchins are very abundant 
C)  Storms are infrequent 
D)  Kelps grow too rapidly

Question 12

Sea grasses

Accepted Answer

A)  Are rather indigestible so only a restricted number of herbivore species can subsist on them 
B)  Are always strongly controlled by grazing by herbivores 
C)  Are digestible by invertebrates but not vertebrates 
D)  Tend to grow right up to the edge of patch reefs in the Caribbean 
A)  Are rather indigestible so only a restricted number of herbivore species can subsist on them 
B)  Are always strongly controlled by grazing by herbivores 
C)  Are digestible by invertebrates but not vertebrates 
D)  Tend to grow right up to the edge of patch reefs in the Caribbean

Question 13

In the 1930s

Accepted Answer

A)  Eel grass increased greatly owing to the relaxation of overfishing 
B)  Eel grass declined owing to sewage 
C)  Eel grass declined because of a disease 
D)  Decreasing light caused a decline of eel grass 
A)  Eel grass increased greatly owing to the relaxation of overfishing 
B)  Eel grass declined owing to sewage 
C)  Eel grass declined because of a disease 
D)  Decreasing light caused a decline of eel grass

Question 14

Zooxanthellae benefit their coral hosts

Accepted Answer

A)  Principally by removing nitrogenous wastes 
B)  Mainly by supplying oxygen in an oxygen-poor environment 
C)  By protecting them from uv light 
D)  By transferring carbohydrates to their hosts, which is used for food 
A)  Principally by removing nitrogenous wastes 
B)  Mainly by supplying oxygen in an oxygen-poor environment 
C)  By protecting them from uv light 
D)  By transferring carbohydrates to their hosts, which is used for food

Question 15

Subtidal rocky reef communities

Accepted Answer

A)  Are associated with kelp forests in the tropics 
B)  Are associated with kelp forests in cool water coastal environments 
C)  Are dominated by species consisting of single individuals 
D)  Are rarely patchy 
A)  Are associated with kelp forests in the tropics 
B)  Are associated with kelp forests in cool water coastal environments 
C)  Are dominated by species consisting of single individuals 
D)  Are rarely patchy

Question 16

On subtidal rocky reefs

Accepted Answer

A)  Dominant colonial invertebrates generally have lecithotrophic larvae, so recruitment only occurs over short distances 
B)  Dominant colonial invertebrates generally have planktotrophic larvae so settlement is from distant areas 
C)  Mussels dominate to great depths 
D)  Dominant colonial invertebrates have crawl-away larvae 
A)  Dominant colonial invertebrates generally have lecithotrophic larvae, so recruitment only occurs over short distances 
B)  Dominant colonial invertebrates generally have planktotrophic larvae so settlement is from distant areas 
C)  Mussels dominate to great depths 
D)  Dominant colonial invertebrates have crawl-away larvae

Question 17

In corals, disease is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  Bleaching 
B)  The presence of coral carnivores 
C)  The presence of unusually dense concentrations of zooxanthellae 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Bleaching 
B)  The presence of coral carnivores 
C)  The presence of unusually dense concentrations of zooxanthellae 
D)  None of the above

Question 18

Kelps

Accepted Answer

A)  Grow well in low nutrient concentrations 
B)  Are confined to the tropics 
C)  Grow very slowly 
D)  Are limited to cooler and cold marine waters 
A)  Grow well in low nutrient concentrations 
B)  Are confined to the tropics 
C)  Grow very slowly 
D)  Are limited to cooler and cold marine waters

Question 19

What is the large kelp plant that we see?

Accepted Answer

A)  An asexual sporophyte 
B)  A very large gametophyte 
C)  The only stage of a plant that is nonsexual 
D)  A benthic stage of a planktonic gametophyte 
A)  An asexual sporophyte 
B)  A very large gametophyte 
C)  The only stage of a plant that is nonsexual 
D)  A benthic stage of a planktonic gametophyte

Question 20

Coral diseases

Accepted Answer

A)  Are strongly suppressed when sea water is unusually warm 
B)  Are strongly correlated with bleaching 
C)  Are positively correlated with zooxanthellae concentration 
D)  Have been on the decline in recent decades 
A)  Are strongly suppressed when sea water is unusually warm 
B)  Are strongly correlated with bleaching 
C)  Are positively correlated with zooxanthellae concentration 
D)  Have been on the decline in recent decades

Exam 17: The Shallow Coastal Subtidal: Sea Grass Beds, Rocky Reefs, Kelp Forests, and Coral Reefs

If an Alaskan kelp forest is left undisturbed

Sea grasses such as eel grass

Global warming is likely to affect coral reefs

El Niños

Corals growing slowly on reefs

Kelp forests are an example

Green turtles

Coral atolls

Subtidal rocky reefs

If a disease exterminated all of the sea otters

A barrens is liable to form when

Sea grasses

In the 1930s

Zooxanthellae benefit their coral hosts

Subtidal rocky reef communities

On subtidal rocky reefs

In corals, disease is associated with

Kelps

What is the large kelp plant that we see?

Coral diseases

Sounding the Deep

The Oceanic Environment

Climate Oscillations and Climate Change

Ecological and Evolutionary Principles of Marine Biology

The Chemical and Physical Environment

Life in a Fluid Medium

Reproduction, Dispersal, and Migration

Plankton

Marine Vertebrates and Other Nekton

The Open Sea: Distributions and Adaptations

Processes in the Water Column

Productivity, Food Webs, and Global Climate Change

Benthic Microorganisms, Seaweeds, and Sea Grasses

The Diversity of Benthic Marine Invertebrates

Benthic Life Habits

The Tidelands: Rocky Shores, Soft-Substratum Shores, Marshes, Mangroves, Estuaries, and Oyster Reefs

Benthos From the Continental Shelf to the Deep Sea

Polar Marine Biology

Biodiversity and Conservation of the Ocean

Fisheries and Food From the Sea

Environmental Impacts of Industrial Activities and Human Populations

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