Question 1

Most often, the speciation process requires

Accepted Answer

A)  The establishment of a geographic barrier that divides a species into isolated populations 
B)  Intense interspecific competition 
C)  Strong gene flow between populations 
D)  Low extinction rates 
A)  The establishment of a geographic barrier that divides a species into isolated populations 
B)  Intense interspecific competition 
C)  Strong gene flow between populations 
D)  Low extinction rates A

Question 2

The vicariance hypothesis of biogeography would be supported if

Accepted Answer

A)  All shallow-water species were found on both sides of an ocean 
B)  Related groups of species are confined to different geographic areas, corresponding to geological history of the origin of the isolated areas 
C)  Species diversity is higher in diversity centers 
D)  None of the above 
A)  All shallow-water species were found on both sides of an ocean 
B)  Related groups of species are confined to different geographic areas, corresponding to geological history of the origin of the isolated areas 
C)  Species diversity is higher in diversity centers 
D)  None of the above B

Question 3

Provinces

Accepted Answer

A)  Must be in different oceans 
B)  Have a species composition completely different from all other provinces 
C)  Are defined statistically and can share species with other provinces 
D)  Are defined only by one type of organism, e.g., mammals 
A)  Must be in different oceans 
B)  Have a species composition completely different from all other provinces 
C)  Are defined statistically and can share species with other provinces 
D)  Are defined only by one type of organism, e.g., mammals C

Question 4

As latitude increases, biodiversity generally

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreases 
B)  Increases 
C)  Stays the same 
D)  Fluctuates randomly 
A)  Decreases 
B)  Increases 
C)  Stays the same 
D)  Fluctuates randomly

Question 5

The hard substratum invertebrates of the Atlantic

Accepted Answer

A)  Are more diverse than in the Pacific 
B)  Derived from a massive migration from the Pacific 
C)  Belong to few phyla than in other oceans 
D)  Arose in the Atlantic in the Cambrian Period 
A)  Are more diverse than in the Pacific 
B)  Derived from a massive migration from the Pacific 
C)  Belong to few phyla than in other oceans 
D)  Arose in the Atlantic in the Cambrian Period

Question 6

For most groups, biodiversity is greater

Accepted Answer

A)  On the Atlantic coast of the U.S., relative to the Pacific coast 
B)  On the Pacific coast of the U.S., relative to the Atlantic coast 
C)  In New England than in the Caribbean 
D)  In Alaska than in southern California 
A)  On the Atlantic coast of the U.S., relative to the Pacific coast 
B)  On the Pacific coast of the U.S., relative to the Atlantic coast 
C)  In New England than in the Caribbean 
D)  In Alaska than in southern California

Question 7

In the ocean, centers of high diversity

Accepted Answer

A)  Have much geologically older living representatives than in low diversity areas 
B)  Are found in high latitudes 
C)  Have much geologically younger living representatives relative to low diversity areas 
D)  Are found only in the deep sea 
A)  Have much geologically older living representatives than in low diversity areas 
B)  Are found in high latitudes 
C)  Have much geologically younger living representatives relative to low diversity areas 
D)  Are found only in the deep sea

Question 8

Species diversity might be greater in regions with greater areas because

Accepted Answer

A)  Of the greater population sizes in the larger areas 
B)  Of the lower extinction rates in the larger areas 
C)  Of greater diversity of habitats in larger areas 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Of the greater population sizes in the larger areas 
B)  Of the lower extinction rates in the larger areas 
C)  Of greater diversity of habitats in larger areas 
D)  All of the above

Question 9

An example of premating isolation is

Accepted Answer

A)  Offspring of two species are inviable 
B)  Two closely related species spawn at different times during the night 
C)  Two species have significant genetic difference 
D)  Two species differ in feeding type 
A)  Offspring of two species are inviable 
B)  Two closely related species spawn at different times during the night 
C)  Two species have significant genetic difference 
D)  Two species differ in feeding type

Question 10

Invaders may be ecologically compatible with the area they invade but may not expand in the target area because

Accepted Answer

A)  They cannot increase in population size sufficiently to produce a sustaining population 
B)  They may be vulnerable to predators they have never encountered 
C)  They may be vulnerable to parasites they have never before encountered 
D)  All of the above 
A)  They cannot increase in population size sufficiently to produce a sustaining population 
B)  They may be vulnerable to predators they have never encountered 
C)  They may be vulnerable to parasites they have never before encountered 
D)  All of the above

Question 11

The probability of extinction is enhanced by

Accepted Answer

A)  Reduced population size 
B)  Restricted geographic range 
C)  Environmental change 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Reduced population size 
B)  Restricted geographic range 
C)  Environmental change 
D)  All of the above

Question 12

Genetic markers are useful for marine species because

Accepted Answer

A)  They can identify separate populations for management 
B)  They can be used to identify species 
C)  They allow the establishment of evolutionary relationships among species 
D)  All of the above 
A)  They can identify separate populations for management 
B)  They can be used to identify species 
C)  They allow the establishment of evolutionary relationships among species 
D)  All of the above

Question 13

Diverse communities

Accepted Answer

A)  Are usually more productive than communities of lower diversity in the same habitat type 
B)  Are usually of very low productivity 
C)  Tend to be very unstable 
D)  None of the above 
A)  Are usually more productive than communities of lower diversity in the same habitat type 
B)  Are usually of very low productivity 
C)  Tend to be very unstable 
D)  None of the above

Question 14

The species-area relationship

Accepted Answer

A)  Accurately predicts the species diversity for all groups 
B)  Predicts more species in smaller areas 
C)  Has been proven to be completely invalid 
D)  Probably overestimates the number of species that might survive at higher trophic levels 
A)  Accurately predicts the species diversity for all groups 
B)  Predicts more species in smaller areas 
C)  Has been proven to be completely invalid 
D)  Probably overestimates the number of species that might survive at higher trophic levels

Question 15

Why are home and professional aquarium sources so likely to cause successful invasions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aquarists try to release their holdings because they want invasions to occur 
B)  Aquarium-held species are always suitable for nearby habitats 
C)  Popular aquarium species fit the model of frequent invasion episodes 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Aquarists try to release their holdings because they want invasions to occur 
B)  Aquarium-held species are always suitable for nearby habitats 
C)  Popular aquarium species fit the model of frequent invasion episodes 
D)  All of the above

Question 16

The fossil record demonstrates that

Accepted Answer

A)  Diversity has not changed much over the Phanerozoic 
B)  Major mass extinctions occurred, one extinguishing over 95 percent of the ocean's species 
C)  Diversity has steadily increased over geological time 
D)  The Pleistocene glacial age caused the greatest extinction of the past 50 million years 
A)  Diversity has not changed much over the Phanerozoic 
B)  Major mass extinctions occurred, one extinguishing over 95 percent of the ocean's species 
C)  Diversity has steadily increased over geological time 
D)  The Pleistocene glacial age caused the greatest extinction of the past 50 million years

Question 17

Invasion frequency has increased for marine invaders because

Accepted Answer

A)  Ships are now mainly using water for ballast, which allows the transport of swimming organisms and planktonic larvae 
B)  More logs are being dropped at sea, which allows rafting 
C)  Ports consist of very disturbed habitats with opportunities for colonization 
D)  Both b and c 
A)  Ships are now mainly using water for ballast, which allows the transport of swimming organisms and planktonic larvae 
B)  More logs are being dropped at sea, which allows rafting 
C)  Ports consist of very disturbed habitats with opportunities for colonization 
D)  Both b and c

Question 18

The study of the relationship of geographic change in genetic composition within a species is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  Phylogeny 
B)  Allopatric speciation 
C)  Phylogeography 
D)  Biogeography 
A)  Phylogeny 
B)  Allopatric speciation 
C)  Phylogeography 
D)  Biogeography

Question 19

Over a time scale of many millions of years, biodiversity is controlled by

Accepted Answer

A)  Predation rates 
B)  Intensity of interspecific competition 
C)  The balance of speciation and extinction 
D)  Speciation only 
A)  Predation rates 
B)  Intensity of interspecific competition 
C)  The balance of speciation and extinction 
D)  Speciation only

Exam 20: Biodiversity and Conservation of the Ocean

Most often, the speciation process requires

The vicariance hypothesis of biogeography would be supported if

Provinces

As latitude increases, biodiversity generally

The hard substratum invertebrates of the Atlantic

For most groups, biodiversity is greater

In the ocean, centers of high diversity

Species diversity might be greater in regions with greater areas because

An example of premating isolation is

Invaders may be ecologically compatible with the area they invade but may not expand in the target area because

The probability of extinction is enhanced by

Genetic markers are useful for marine species because

Diverse communities

The species-area relationship

Why are home and professional aquarium sources so likely to cause successful invasions?

The fossil record demonstrates that

Invasion frequency has increased for marine invaders because

The study of the relationship of geographic change in genetic composition within a species is known as

Over a time scale of many millions of years, biodiversity is controlled by

Sounding the Deep

The Oceanic Environment

Climate Oscillations and Climate Change

Ecological and Evolutionary Principles of Marine Biology

The Chemical and Physical Environment

Life in a Fluid Medium

Reproduction, Dispersal, and Migration

Plankton

Marine Vertebrates and Other Nekton

The Open Sea: Distributions and Adaptations

Processes in the Water Column

Productivity, Food Webs, and Global Climate Change

Benthic Microorganisms, Seaweeds, and Sea Grasses

The Diversity of Benthic Marine Invertebrates

Benthic Life Habits

The Tidelands: Rocky Shores, Soft-Substratum Shores, Marshes, Mangroves, Estuaries, and Oyster Reefs

The Shallow Coastal Subtidal: Sea Grass Beds, Rocky Reefs, Kelp Forests, and Coral Reefs

Benthos From the Continental Shelf to the Deep Sea

Polar Marine Biology

Fisheries and Food From the Sea

Environmental Impacts of Industrial Activities and Human Populations

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