Question 1

According to Grime's classification of plants, which category of plants would most likely experience low stress but high disturbance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ruderal 
B)  Stress-tolerant 
C)  Paedomorphic 
D)  Competitive 
A)  Ruderal 
B)  Stress-tolerant 
C)  Paedomorphic 
D)  Competitive A

Question 2

In comparison to that of other apes, the face of an adult human retains a juvenile appearance. We can thus say that the human face

Accepted Answer

A)  is sequentially hermaphroditic. 
B)  is paedomorphic. 
C)  displays a niche shift. 
D)  is isomorphic. 
A)  is sequentially hermaphroditic. 
B)  is paedomorphic. 
C)  displays a niche shift. 
D)  is isomorphic. B

Question 3

Refer to the figure.
  This figure presents data from a laboratory experiment using the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans and its lethal bacterial pathogen Serratia marcescens. Which of the following is not a reasonable inference from this figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  When the pathogen is present in the environment, selection favors the production of more genetically variable offspring. 
B)  Selection for resistance to pathogens may counterbalance the cost of males in explaining why sexual reproduction is so widespread among organisms. 
C)  There is genetically based variation in C. elegans populations for outcrossing frequency. 
D)  In wild populations of C. elegans, outcrossing rates likely tend to be between around 70-90%. 
A)  When the pathogen is present in the environment, selection favors the production of more genetically variable offspring. 
B)  Selection for resistance to pathogens may counterbalance the cost of males in explaining why sexual reproduction is so widespread among organisms. 
C)  There is genetically based variation in C. elegans populations for outcrossing frequency. 
D)  In wild populations of C. elegans, outcrossing rates likely tend to be between around 70-90%. D

Question 4

In most plants, the mature sporophyte is _______ and is _______ the mature gametophyte.

Accepted Answer

A)  haploid; much larger than 
B)  diploid; much smaller than 
C)  haploid; about the same size as 
D)  diploid; much larger than 
A)  haploid; much larger than 
B)  diploid; much smaller than 
C)  haploid; about the same size as 
D)  diploid; much larger than

Question 5

Refer to the figure.
  
- The figure is based on data from a study of the body size and reproductive output of individual females of two different species (species 1 and species 2) over time. Each figure illustrates the growth and reproduction of each individual over its life span. Suppose that body size is positively correlated with egg size. Which species do you predict would produce larger eggs? Why?

Accepted Answer

Species 1 should pro

Question 6

Suppose a fish has just reached sexual maturity and is able to produce 10 eggs per month. It can either reproduce immediately or it can continue to grow. If it continues to grow, it can increase the number of eggs it can produce by 10 per month for every month it delays reproduction. If it delays reproduction for another 6 months, it can lay _______ eggs each month. It could have produced _______ eggs if it started reproducing immediately and produced eggs for all of those six months.

Accepted Answer

A)  30; 60 
B)  40; 30 
C)  70; 30 
D)  70; 60 
A)  30; 60 
B)  40; 30 
C)  70; 30 
D)  70; 60

Question 7

A unicellular sexual ciliate has seven different mating types that produce gametes of roughly the same size. Any gamete from any given mating type can fuse with any other gamete, except for one of its own mating type. These ciliates are exhibiting

Accepted Answer

A)  anisogamy. 
B)  isogamy. 
C)  monogamy. 
D)  phenotypic plasticity. 
A)  anisogamy. 
B)  isogamy. 
C)  monogamy. 
D)  phenotypic plasticity.

Question 8

For which organism would it be advantageous to allocate more resources to reproduction than to growth?

Accepted Answer

A)  One with a long life span 
B)  One in which fecundity increases with increased body size 
C)  One with low adult survival rates 
D)  One in which offspring survival is very low 
A)  One with a long life span 
B)  One in which fecundity increases with increased body size 
C)  One with low adult survival rates 
D)  One in which offspring survival is very low

Question 9

The term "r-selection" refers to selection

Accepted Answer

A)  that increases age at sexual maturity. 
B)  under crowded conditions. 
C)  for high population growth rates. 
D)  for iteroparity. 
A)  that increases age at sexual maturity. 
B)  under crowded conditions. 
C)  for high population growth rates. 
D)  for iteroparity.

Question 10

The type of complex life cycle that includes both multicellular haploid (gametophyte) and multicellular diploid (sporophytes) is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  metamorphosis. 
B)  iteroparous. 
C)  alternation of generations. 
D)  sequential hermaphroditism. 
A)  metamorphosis. 
B)  iteroparous. 
C)  alternation of generations. 
D)  sequential hermaphroditism.

Question 11

Four clownfish individuals of the species Premnas biaculeatus live in a single anemone. Albert measures 15 cm, Barry is 12 cm, Cindy is 8 cm, and Diane is 6 cm. Based on what you know about clownfish biology, which statement is most likely true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Albert is the only female. 
B)  Barry is the only female. 
C)  Diane is the only female. 
D)  Cindy and Diane are both females. 
A)  Albert is the only female. 
B)  Barry is the only female. 
C)  Diane is the only female. 
D)  Cindy and Diane are both females.

Question 12

Refer to the figure.
  
- The figure is based on data from a study of the body size and reproductive output of individual females of two different species (species 1 and species 2) over time. Each figure illustrates the growth and reproduction of each individual over its life span. Suppose that successful reproduction in a given year is dependent on an individual's ability to secure a high-quality territory. In which species is it more important for females to secure a territory at a younger age? Why?

Accepted Answer

Species 2, because in this species, fema

Question 13

Which of the following is not a benefit provided by dispersal?

Accepted Answer

A)  Escape from predators and/or pathogens 
B)  Reduced competition among close relatives 
C)  Ability of organisms to move to favorable habitats 
D)  Opportunity to take advantage of generations of local adaptation 
A)  Escape from predators and/or pathogens 
B)  Reduced competition among close relatives 
C)  Ability of organisms to move to favorable habitats 
D)  Opportunity to take advantage of generations of local adaptation

Question 14

In cod fishing, older and larger fish are more likely to be retained in nets than younger and smaller fish. Despite the removal of these large breeders, the population is still reproducing. How do you think cod characteristics have changed due to the selection pressure from over-fishing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Selection has led to increased growth rates. 
B)  Selection has led to decreased growth rates. 
C)  Selection has led to decreases in the size of fish at the age of maturity. 
D)  Selection has led to increases in the age of fish at the age of maturity. 
A)  Selection has led to increased growth rates. 
B)  Selection has led to decreased growth rates. 
C)  Selection has led to decreases in the size of fish at the age of maturity. 
D)  Selection has led to increases in the age of fish at the age of maturity.

Question 15

Evergreen foliage would most likely be found in which of Grime's categories of plants?

Accepted Answer

A)  Stress-tolerant 
B)  Ruderal 
C)  Ontogenetic 
D)  Competitive 
A)  Stress-tolerant 
B)  Ruderal 
C)  Ontogenetic 
D)  Competitive

Question 16

Refer to the figure.
 
- The figure shows the relationship between the trunk diameter and the leaf mass of ponderosa pine trees from both moist and desert climates. According to the figure, a tree in a desert climate with a trunk diameter of 30 cm would have about _______ leaf mass of a tree with a trunk diameter of 10 cm. (Note the log-log scale.)

Accepted Answer

A)  2 times less 
B)  4 times less 
C)  8 times more 
D)  20 times more 
A)  2 times less 
B)  4 times less 
C)  8 times more 
D)  20 times more

Question 17

Refer to the figure.
  Based on the figure, bird species with annual fecundity around 3 have an annual survival rate that is around

Accepted Answer

A)  45-65% of the annual survival rate for bird species with annual fecundity of just 1. 
B)  65-85% of the annual survival rate for bird species with annual fecundity of just 1. 
C)  twice the annual survival rate for bird species with annual fecundity between 6 and 7. 
D)  half the annual survival rate for bird species with annual fecundity between 6 and 7. 
A)  45-65% of the annual survival rate for bird species with annual fecundity of just 1. 
B)  65-85% of the annual survival rate for bird species with annual fecundity of just 1. 
C)  twice the annual survival rate for bird species with annual fecundity between 6 and 7. 
D)  half the annual survival rate for bird species with annual fecundity between 6 and 7.

Question 18

Which classification scheme or metric is generally most helpful for comparing life histories across broad ranges of size or taxonomy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Charnov's dimensionless ratio (c) 
B)  Grime's triangular model 
C)  The alternation of generations model 
D)  The r-K continuum 
A)  Charnov's dimensionless ratio (c) 
B)  Grime's triangular model 
C)  The alternation of generations model 
D)  The r-K continuum

Question 19

Which statement about David Lack's study on geographic variation in clutch size in birds is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lack's analysis led to experiments supporting the hypothesis that there is a trade-off between egg number and offspring survivorship. 
B)  Lack's results stimulated the development of Charnov's dimensionless ratio c for comparing maturation rates of different species. 
C)  Lack found that clutch size for birds tends to be higher closer to the equator, where more food is available. 
D)  On a global scale, Lack found a strong longitudinal trend in clutch size. 
A)  Lack's analysis led to experiments supporting the hypothesis that there is a trade-off between egg number and offspring survivorship. 
B)  Lack's results stimulated the development of Charnov's dimensionless ratio c for comparing maturation rates of different species. 
C)  Lack found that clutch size for birds tends to be higher closer to the equator, where more food is available. 
D)  On a global scale, Lack found a strong longitudinal trend in clutch size.

Question 20

Four clownfish individuals of the species Premnas biaculeatus live in a single anemone. Albert measures 15 cm, Barry is 12 cm, Cindy is 8 cm, and Diane is 6 cm. Based on what you know about clownfish biology, which statement is most likely true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Albert is the only breeding male. 
B)  Barry is the only breeding male. 
C)  Albert and Barry are both breeding males. 
D)  Cindy and Diane are both breeding females. 
A)  Albert is the only breeding male. 
B)  Barry is the only breeding male. 
C)  Albert and Barry are both breeding males. 
D)  Cindy and Diane are both breeding females.

Exam 7: Life History

According to Grime's classification of plants, which category of plants would most likely experience low stress but high disturbance?

In comparison to that of other apes, the face of an adult human retains a juvenile appearance. We can thus say that the human face

Refer to the figure. This figure presents data from a laboratory experiment using the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans and its lethal bacterial pathogen Serratia marcescens. Which of the following is not a reasonable inference from this figure?

In most plants, the mature sporophyte is _______ and is _______ the mature gametophyte.

A unicellular sexual ciliate has seven different mating types that produce gametes of roughly the same size. Any gamete from any given mating type can fuse with any other gamete, except for one of its own mating type. These ciliates are exhibiting

For which organism would it be advantageous to allocate more resources to reproduction than to growth?

The term "r-selection" refers to selection

The type of complex life cycle that includes both multicellular haploid (gametophyte) and multicellular diploid (sporophytes) is known as

Four clownfish individuals of the species Premnas biaculeatus live in a single anemone. Albert measures 15 cm, Barry is 12 cm, Cindy is 8 cm, and Diane is 6 cm. Based on what you know about clownfish biology, which statement is most likely true?

Which of the following is not a benefit provided by dispersal?

In cod fishing, older and larger fish are more likely to be retained in nets than younger and smaller fish. Despite the removal of these large breeders, the population is still reproducing. How do you think cod characteristics have changed due to the selection pressure from over-fishing?

Evergreen foliage would most likely be found in which of Grime's categories of plants?

Refer to the figure. Based on the figure, bird species with annual fecundity around 3 have an annual survival rate that is around

Which classification scheme or metric is generally most helpful for comparing life histories across broad ranges of size or taxonomy?

Which statement about David Lack's study on geographic variation in clutch size in birds is true?

Four clownfish individuals of the species Premnas biaculeatus live in a single anemone. Albert measures 15 cm, Barry is 12 cm, Cindy is 8 cm, and Diane is 6 cm. Based on what you know about clownfish biology, which statement is most likely true?

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In most plants, the mature sporophyte is _ and is _ the mature gametophyte.