Exam 3: ATI-TEAS-Reading

The Science of Yawning Have you yawned today? If you can't remember or perhaps haven't noticed, you're similar to most Americans. According to a 2007 study, yawning is considered a basic bodily function, such as scratching an itch or crossing one's legs, and people hardly make note of the act. Despite its normality in our daily routines, the question regarding why yawning occurs still has not been answered with certainty. Interestingly enough, little research has been paid to studying yawning, due to a debate surrounding its importance. Many scientists disagree on the importance surrounding research for yawning. Those against the research believe that it will not greatly impact the scientific and medicinal communities, while others believe that there is a case to be made for the possible physiological significance of a somewhat pointless act. There are a few possible causes as to why one yawns, and even fewer theories related to the evolutionary reason for yawning. The most established theory is that yawning helps a person increase his or hers state of alertness. This is one reason as to why yawning has been associated with sleepiness, or when a person is extremely fatigued. In fact, one famous study has suggested that yawning may have developed as a way of keeping animals alert to possible predators. This gives way to the "contagious" yawn theory, which involves an instinctual reaction to warn another member of the "herd" to stay alert in times of danger. These evolutionary theories are also connected to theories regarding empathy. Various studies have shown that spatial proximity in socially close primates is an indicator of yawn contagion. Other scientists believe that yawning is a sign of the body regulating its temperature and cooling itself down. Neuroscientists have attributed yawning to another possible theory regarding the neurotransmitters in the brain. They believe that chemicals responsible for yawning, including serotonin and dopamine, also cause feelings such as hunger and happiness. Thus, as more of these compounds are activated in the brain, the more frequently a person yawns. In one psychological study on the effects of antidepressant medication, researchers found that people undergoing withdrawal from opioids and those taking serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) yawned more often than the people in the control group. This can give way to the idea that chemicals in the brain-especially serotonin-can have an impact on the frequency of yawning. Yawning continues to be an interesting phenomenon with a plethora of possible causes. Theories ranging from chemical balances to empathy relation are all within the realms of possible reasons as to why people yawn, but scientists will most likely study these theories for decades to come. Until a conclusive, definitive answer is reached, it may be safe to assume that yawning acts as a diverse linguistic signal that can represent various functional outcomes. Which of the following statements contains an opinion?

Use the job posting below to answer the question. Henderson State College Fundraiser for Development/Capital Campaign Henderson State College in Nevada seeks a highly experienced fundraiser to work for the College's in-house fundraising program. The successful candidate will report directly to the director of development and will provide support for the college's Capital Campaign. Work will be conducted in a team environment with the deans of each department of the college. Requirements: Must be willing to work without supervision, travel and devote the time necessary to achieve audacious goals. Evening and weekend work required. Bachelor's degree required, although a master's degree is preferred. Demonstrated success in soliciting major gifts is an absolute must. Must have a minimum of twelve years' experience in fundraising and managing in a team-oriented environment. Those who have worked in a university setting will have an advantage in the selection process. Interested candidates should send a cover letter and resume with salary requirements to the address listed below: Charles Smith, Director of Personnel Management Henderson State College Office of Human Resources 456 Desert View Road Henderson, Nevada 91293 Email: smithc@HSC.edu Phone: 454-555-9383 According to the job posting, who supervises this position?

S H R U T C O M V P Using the letter string above, delete every second letter. Replace any vowel  with the letter "I" and add the letter "E" to the beginning of the string. Which of the following words can be made with the remaining letters?

Rachel Carson Rachel Carson (1907-1964) was an American marine biologist, conservationist, and author. She was born on a family farm in Pennsylvania and spent her youth exploring the countryside and writing stories, often about animals. It seems as if Carson was born to be an author. By the age of ten, she had already had her first book published. She began her adult career as an aquatic biologist in the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, but became a full-time writer by the 1950s. More than anything else, she was interested in what can happen when, as she put it, "Things go out of kilter." Because of this, she began work on her groundbreaking book Silent Spring. Developed in 1939, DDT was the most potent pesticide that world had ever known. It showed just how vulnerable nature was to the actions of humanity. While most pesticides of the day killed only one or two types of insects, DDT could kill hundreds. Originally used only by the military to clear South Pacific islands of malaria-causing insects during World War Two, it was cleared for civilian use in 1945. Carson grew justifiably more and more concerned about DDT as its effects on the environment slowly became known. She tried to publish magazine articles to raise the alarm about the poison, but no one would publish her work. Having gathered a vast amount of research on the subject, Carson started a four-year writing odyssey that culminated with the publishing of Silent Spring in 1962. Carson described how a single application of DDT could poison the environment for weeks or even months. It could enter water sources and remain toxic even when diluted. Ultimately, it accumulated in the fatty tissues of animals-including human beings-and caused cancer and genetic damage. The book's most famous chapter, "A Fable for Tomorrow," described an American town where all life-even human children-had been "silenced" from the deleterious effects of the poison. The reaction from the chemical industry was immediate. A major chemical manufacturer published a response to Silent Spring with a brochure that made fun of Carson's work. It described a world that was plagued by famine, disease, and insect swarms because chemical pesticides had been banned. In spite of this backlash, her careful work paid off. DDT was ultimately banned after President John F. Kennedy ordered a committee to investigate the effects of the chemical on the environment. But perhaps the most important legacy of her book was a new awareness of humanity's potential to inflict damage on the environment. Before the book, conservation had never garnered much public interest. But the problems that Carson wrote about-water contamination, cancer, and mass extinction-could not be ignored. For the first time, the urgent need to regulate industry to protect the environment became accepted. And from this, the modern environmental movement was born. Which of the following statements from the passage supports the idea that "things (can) go out of kilter"?

Where could a student quickly find the "history" section of a subject in a given book?

Twins are obviously very close. They share not only genes but friends, bedrooms, and even secrets. But might it be possible that they share thoughts-without even opening their mouths? Many twins-as many as 20%-claim to share something far more mysterious: a special psychic connection. Take the case of Gemma Houghton. In 2009, she had the strange feeling that her sister Leanne desperately needed her help. So she walked upstairs to the bathroom, where she found Leanne unconscious in a bathtub full of water. She had suffered a seizure had nearly drowned. Fortunately, Gemma arrived in time to save her sister. But as inexplicable as this may seem, perhaps it's not so mysterious after all. Leanne had had seizures in the past and Gemma had been warned to watch out for her. Knowing that it was dangerous for Leanne to be alone in water, it's not surprising that Gemma might have become concerned for her after a few minutes of hearing no activity from upstairs. It's likely that any other family member would have acted just as Gemma did. Which of the following is a logical conclusion based on the passage?

Use the taxonomy outline below to answer the question. Phylum Porifera (Sponges) Hexactinellida (Glass sponges) Venus flower basket Staurocalyptus Demospongia Red volcano sponge Spongilla lacustris Geodia barretti Calcarea Sycon capricorn Leucetta chagosensis Clathrina heronensis Which of the following statements is correct based on the outline above?

To: All Young's City Books staff From: Charles Young Date: 3 January Subject: Staff Recommendations As you know, when our customers browse for books, they often ask you for recommendations. As you may also know, February is Contemporary African American Writers Month. In honor of that, I'd like to create a display on the west wall of our store that highlights our staff's recommendations for books by African American writers. I'd like for every employee to choose a book you enjoyed reading and write a short synopsis (a paragraph is fine) of the book and describe why you recommend it. Recommendations can be written on a form that is available from Jenny at the special orders desk and should be submitted to me by the end of next week. That will give us plenty of time to create the display. In addition, the book that you recommend should be written by an African American writer who is currently living. The book can be fiction or nonfiction and must've been published within the last ten years. Your recommendation will be displayed next to copies of the book. I know that all of you are avid readers. I'm looking forward to seeing our customers' reactions to this display and to your knowledge and expertise. Thank you, Charles Which of the following is a logical conclusion that can be drawn from the memo?

Whether we like it or not, global climate change will have pronounced effects on the world we live in. Oddly enough, climate change brings with it some minor positive effects. For instance, the frost-free growing season will lengthen. This means that farmers will have a longer period of time in which to grow crops. Ultimately, some farmers may be able to plant and harvest two crops per year, rather than just one. But for every positive effect, there are ten negative ones. Temperatures will continue to rise. Of course, this could spell the doom for polar ice caps. Climate change also brings with it changes in precipitation patterns. More precipitation is expected for the northern U.S., while much less is expected for the Southwest. But perhaps more than anything else, climate change could devastate our coastal cities. Experts estimate that sea levels will rise one to four feet within the next sixty years. So, while not all of the results of climate change are negative, we clearly stand to lose more than we gain. Which of the following logical inferences can be made based on information found in the passage?

The future of space travel may not lie with humans, but with robots. At the dawn of the space age, space travel required human astronauts-they were simply more capable than robots. But humans developed technology that steadily made robots more attractive. Astronauts have to breathe, eat, and drink to keep going. But robots can travel to the ends of the solar system free of such constraints. They can do more, go further, and because they don't require costly life-support systems, they can do it all more often. Of course, they still require human direction. Nevertheless, we should all look for more robotic space travelers in the future. Below are several topics being discussed in the media. Which of the following resembles the theme of the passage on robotic space travel?

Our cat had been gone for fifteen days before we managed to find him in our neighborhood. Italics are used in the sentence above because the italicized words are:

Wasted Food Chances are, a portion of the food you purchase ends up being wasted. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that approximately 31% of the overall food supply is wasted. This impacts food security, resource conservation, and even climate change - 18% of the country's emissions of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, come from landfills. It's now time to take a stand and reduce the amount of food waste sent to landfills. The sustainable management of food does not only impact climate change but can also help to feed millions of people. The EPA defines sustainable management of food as a "systematic approach that seeks to reduce wasted food and its associated impacts over the entire life cycle." It starts with the use of natural resources to produce the food and follows the cycle through manufacturing, sales, and consumption. It ends with decisions regarding recovery or final consumption. The main tenets of the system are "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle." "Wasted food" describes food that was not used as it was originally intended. It not only includes food that is sent to landfills or combustion facilities, but also food that is donated to feed people, food that is used to create feed for animals and even food that is used to create organic compost. Examples include unused kitchen trimmings from restaurants, byproducts from food and beverage processing plants, unsold food from grocery stores, and even residential plate waste. Without a doubt, wasted food is a growing problem today. In 2015, the EPA estimated that more the vast majority-nearly 95%-of this waste ended up in landfills and incinerators. This puts a huge burden on our landfills, in many cases causing them to quickly reach capacity. The amount of wasted food is staggering. Approximately 31% of the 430 billion pounds of food produced in the U.S. was not available for human consumption at the consumer level. In other words, one-third of the total amount of food produced remained uneaten. But at the same time, this wasted food presents a tremendous opportunity. Recovering wasted food through donation, salvaging, and composting can create jobs. It is estimated that more than 36,000 people work in the food recycling industry, with more being added each year. Furthermore, we can feed people with this wasted food. You can contact your local food rescue organizations for information about where to donate and what type of food local charities accept. Finally, countries can donate food waste on a global basis. The United Nations predicts that through eliminating food waste, there would be enough extra food available to feed all of the chronically undernourished people of the world-without increasing food production. Clearly, the need to reduce, reuse, and recycle wasted food exists. Think about how you might be able to do this and implement a plan of action for cutting down on wasted food today. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?

International Communications Magazine Spring Edition Table of Contents Updated Public Relations Policy……………………………1-5 Marketing Matters Abroad……………………………………..6-8 Newly Installed Members………………………………………9-11 Journalism and its Future…………………………………….12-15 Pieces from our Members…………………………………….16-25 Which section would most likely explain what lies ahead for the medium of print publications?

Index Physical Therapy, 13, 24, 57-89      Licensing exams………………………..57-66    Appointment procedures………………67-81      Understanding bones………….………82-120 Massage Therapy, 18, 120-145       Breath work………..…………….123-138       Techniques……………….…….139-142      Connecting mind and body…….143-149 Mindfulness Techniques, 10, 150-189       Reiki Technique………..…………….168-179      Quieting the mind……………….…….180-186      Thinking peacefully…………………….187-189 Using the index above, which of the following page ranges should someone refer to for information on regulating breathing?

The boy was despondent after the death of his favorite pet and cried each morning when he woke up and remembered she was gone.  Which of the following is the closest in meaning to "despondent" as used in the sentence above?

Long before the weather forecast appeared on the nightly local news, farmers had their own way of predicting the weather. This makes sense because, after all, their livelihood depended on it. While some people might discount their predictions as mere tall tales, there is indeed some truth in many of their sayings. For instance, there is an old saying: "Frogs croaking in the lagoon means rain will come real soon." Frogs are cold-blooded amphibians, so they require moist skin and relatively high temperatures to be active. Their croaking implies that the temperature and humidity are high-and these can often precede summer thunderstorms. Far from being a pest, this creature can actually give a farmer insight into approaching weather patterns. It's probably even be more accurate than a weather forecast on the nightly news! Based on their titles, which of the following articles would provide the most reliable information for a student who wanted to learn more about making day-to-day weather predictions?

Use the advertisement below to answer the question. Welcome to Heartland Insurance You're going to love Heartland's quality protection, flexible coverage, varying policy periods, low premiums and our award-winning customer service. Auto: Heartland provides comprehensive auto insurance for drivers that other companies might not want to insure. We specialize in insuring drivers who have not previously had insurance or who have been dropped from other insurance plans. Our policies reward drivers with lower rates when their driving records improve and when they go claim-free for a certain period of time. Motorcycle: Our preferred motorcycle insurance plans include protection you won't find in most standard policies, such as collision coverage that includes the total cost of towing and road service, automatic coverage of up to $2500 of optional equipment, and rental car coverage of up to $50 per day. Additional coverage can be purchased for accessories valued over $2,500. Special discounts* apply to members of approved riding clubs, riders who complete a certified training course, and riders with more than five years' claim-free riding. Be sure to ask about our $200 new customer discount! Local callers to our uptown location: 575-555-4539 Local callers to our downtown location: 575-555-9587 -or apply online and receive a 10% discount just for downloading our new app! *Discounts vary and may not be available in all fifty states. According to the advertisement, which of the following is true about the motorcycle discounts?

Nutrition Facts Serving Size: 2 oz. (56 mg.) Servings per container: 3 Amount per serving Calories                        200    Calories from fat          5 _____________________________                                % Daily Value * Total Fat 0.5g                  1%      Saturated fat 0g         0%      Trans Fat 0g                  Cholesterol 0mg               0% Sodium 1000mg                42%   Potassium 105mg              3%       Total Carb 40g                  13%        Dietary Fiber 1g          5%        Sugars 3g Protein 5g _____________________________ Vitamin A                         0% Vitamin C                          0% Calcium                             0% Iron                                    8% Thiamin                             15% Riboflavin                           6% Niacin                                10% Folic Acid                           15% * Percent daily values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.  Your daily values may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs.                             Calories:            2,000       2,500 Total Fat            Less than          65g            80g Sat Fat               Less than          20g            25g Cholesterol        Less than          300mg      300mg Sodium              Less than          2,400mg   2,400mg Total Carb                                     300g          375g Dietary Fiber                                 25g            30g A woman is on a 2000 calorie per day diet. What is the maximum amount of sodium that she should consume in one day?

Use the advertisement below to answer the question. Happy Days Amusement Park Happy Days Amusement Park, located in Green Valley between the St. John River and the towering Red Rock Mountain is the finest amusement park in the great Southwest-bar none! Bring your family and let your spirits soar! Rides & Games: The park features thirty rides including roller coasters (the Titan Terror, Scream While You Can), two water rides (Perilous Plume, Dixie River) and fifteen Kiddie-ville rides. Also, there are twenty-five games, three video arcades, and four souvenir shops located throughout the park. Food: Mountainside terrace is our newly remodeled cafeteria serving delicious dishes from around the world. Alcoholic beverages are not permitted in the park. In addition, there are five snack stops located in the park. Here you can find whatever snack foods your heart desires-popcorn, fried treats, and snow cones, just to name a few! Advanced reservations: Avoid the lines and make your reservations online. All tickets are available. An all-day pass for children 12 and under is $50. Take advantage of our special BOGO deal. From now through September 30th, buy one regular adult admission ticket for $100.00 and get another for free! (Available only online.) Parking: Parking is free! But if you'd prefer the choicest of spots, Preferred Parking is available for $5.00 per vehicle. Enter through the south gate opposite the ticket office. Located off of I-25 just off of the first Clarksville exit. Local calls for general information: 1-875-555-9898 Which of the following information is included in the advertisement?

International Communications Magazine Spring Edition Table of Contents Updated Public Relations Policy……………………………1-5 Marketing Matters Abroad……………………………………..6-8 Newly Installed Members………………………………………9-11 Journalism and its Future…………………………………….12-15 Pieces from our Members…………………………………….16-25 Which of the following questions is most likely to be addressed in the Spring Edition of the International Communications Magazine?