Exam 8: Vitamins

When taken in large amounts, vitamins that have antioxidant properties also act as _____.

indicate the safety and effectiveness of the supplements named. -Vitamin B12 supplements taken orally by a well-nourished male strength athlete

The large majority of studies of antioxidant supplementation by endurance athletes have reported a performance benefit.

Explain how vitamins are involved in energy metabolism and blood formation and summarize the results of studies conducted with athletes.

indicate the type of vitamin most closely associated with each characteristic. -Absorbed into the lymph system

The large majority of studies in adults show that vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence and duration of colds.

The vitamin associated with amino acid metabolism is:

Differentiate between a clinical and subclinical vitamin deficiency.

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are much more likely to react with vitamin E than with polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane.

Compare and contrast the average intake of vitamins by sedentary adults in the United States and by athletes, particularly those who restrict energy intake.

read the paragraph below and indicate whether the athlete's statements are correct or incorrect: A distance athlete explains why he is taking a vitamin E supplement. He states: "Most people don't realize it but oxygen has both beneficial and harmful effects. I try to counter the harmful effects by taking a vitamin E supplement. Most studies have shown that vitamin E supplementation has a positive effect on endurance performance. Besides, recent studies have shown that there is a health benefit to vitamin E supplements. I'm concerned that my vitamin E intake may be low since I purposefully keep my calorie intake low so I don't gain any body fat and I follow a low-fat diet. Someone told me that when you take high levels of vitamin E it actually has an opposite effect and it is no longer works as an antioxidant, but I don't think that is true." -Most studies have shown that vitamin E supplementation has a positive effect on endurance performance.

A high-fat, high-sugar diet typically has more kcal but the same amount of vitamins than a whole foods diet.

The amount of energy (kcal) provided by the B-complex vitamins is:

indicate the type of vitamin most closely associated with each characteristic. -Greater potential for toxicity

At what point do enzymes and coenzymes function at maximum velocity?

The vitamin(s) associated with anemia are:

Night blindness is associated with a clinical deficiency of:

Evaluate the need for vitamin supplements based on food intake.

A vitamin supplement that contains several times the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) is often referred to as a _____.

Vitamins consumed in high doses work in very predicable ways.