Question 1

What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)in atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation. 
B)  LDLs cause regression of atherosclerotic plaques. 
C)  LDLs increase levels of inflammatory cytokines. 
D)  LDLs direct macrophages to the site in the endothelium. 
A)  LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation. 
B)  LDLs cause regression of atherosclerotic plaques. 
C)  LDLs increase levels of inflammatory cytokines. 
D)  LDLs direct macrophages to the site in the endothelium.

Question 2

What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG)pattern when a thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium?

Accepted Answer

A)  Prolonged QT interval 
B)  ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 
C)  ST depression myocardial infarction (STDMI) 
D)  Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI) 
A)  Prolonged QT interval 
B)  ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) 
C)  ST depression myocardial infarction (STDMI) 
D)  Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (non-STEMI)

Question 3

Superior vena cava syndrome is a result of a progressive increase of which process?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inflammation 
B)  Occlusion 
C)  Distention 
D)  Sclerosis 
A)  Inflammation 
B)  Occlusion 
C)  Distention 
D)  Sclerosis

Question 4

What cardiac pathologic condition contributes to ventricular remodeling?

Accepted Answer

A)  Left ventricular hypertrophy 
B)  Right ventricular failure 
C)  Myocardial ischemia 
D)  Contractile dysfunction 
A)  Left ventricular hypertrophy 
B)  Right ventricular failure 
C)  Myocardial ischemia 
D)  Contractile dysfunction

Question 5

The risk of developing coronary artery disease is increased up to threefold by which factor?

Accepted Answer

A)  Diabetes mellitus 
B)  Hypertension 
C)  Obesity 
D)  High alcohol consumption 
A)  Diabetes mellitus 
B)  Hypertension 
C)  Obesity 
D)  High alcohol consumption

Question 6

Regarding the endothelium,what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present. 
B)  Hypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery are present. 
C)  Excessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the artery are present. 
D)  Evidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the artery are present. 
A)  Inflammation and roughening of the endothelium of the artery are present. 
B)  Hypertrophy and vasoconstriction of the endothelium of the artery are present. 
C)  Excessive clot formation and lipid accumulation in the endothelium of the artery are present. 
D)  Evidence of age-related changes that weaken the endothelium of the artery are present.

Question 7

Which disorder causes a transitory truncal rash that is nonpruritic and pink with erythematous macules that may fade in the center,making them appear as a ringworm?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fat emboli 
B)  Rheumatic fever 
C)  Bacterial endocarditis 
D)  Myocarditis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 
A)  Fat emboli 
B)  Rheumatic fever 
C)  Bacterial endocarditis 
D)  Myocarditis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Question 8

What change in a vein supports the development of varicose veins?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase in osmotic pressure 
B)  Damage to the valves in veins 
C)  Damage to the venous endothelium 
D)  Increase in hydrostatic pressure 
A)  Increase in osmotic pressure 
B)  Damage to the valves in veins 
C)  Damage to the venous endothelium 
D)  Increase in hydrostatic pressure

Question 9

In systolic heart failure,what effect does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)have on stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increases preload and decreases afterload. 
B)  Increases preload and increases afterload. 
C)  Decreases preload and increases afterload. 
D)  Decreases preload and decreases afterload. 
A)  Increases preload and decreases afterload. 
B)  Increases preload and increases afterload. 
C)  Decreases preload and increases afterload. 
D)  Decreases preload and decreases afterload.

Question 10

Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured?

Accepted Answer

A)  Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 
B)  Interferon-beta (IFN-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) 
C)  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 1 (IL-1) 
D)  Interferon-alpha (IFN-α), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) 
A)  Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) 
B)  Interferon-beta (IFN-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) 
C)  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and interleukin 1 (IL-1) 
D)  Interferon-alpha (IFN-α), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

Question 11

Nicotine increases atherosclerosis by the release of which neurotransmitter?

Accepted Answer

A)  Histamine 
B)  Nitric oxide 
C)  Angiotensin II 
D)  Epinephrine 
A)  Histamine 
B)  Nitric oxide 
C)  Angiotensin II 
D)  Epinephrine

Question 12

Which predominantly female valvular disorder is thought to have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern,as well as being associated with connective tissue disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mitral valve prolapse 
B)  Tricuspid stenosis 
C)  Tricuspid valve prolapse 
D)  Aortic insufficiency 
A)  Mitral valve prolapse 
B)  Tricuspid stenosis 
C)  Tricuspid valve prolapse 
D)  Aortic insufficiency

Question 13

Which condition is a cause of acquired aortic regurgitation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Congenital malformation 
B)  Cardiac failure 
C)  Rheumatic fever 
D)  Coronary artery disease (CA
D)  
A)  Congenital malformation 
B)  Cardiac failure 
C)  Rheumatic fever 
D)  Coronary artery disease (CA
D)

Exam 32: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)in atherosclerosis?

What is the expected electrocardiogram (ECG)pattern when a thrombus in a coronary artery permanently lodges in the vessel and the infarction extends through the myocardium from the endocardium to the epicardium?

Superior vena cava syndrome is a result of a progressive increase of which process?

What cardiac pathologic condition contributes to ventricular remodeling?

The risk of developing coronary artery disease is increased up to threefold by which factor?

Regarding the endothelium,what is the difference between healthy vessel walls and those that promote clot formation?

Which disorder causes a transitory truncal rash that is nonpruritic and pink with erythematous macules that may fade in the center,making them appear as a ringworm?

What change in a vein supports the development of varicose veins?

In systolic heart failure,what effect does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)have on stroke volume?

Which inflammatory cytokines are released when endothelial cells are injured?

Nicotine increases atherosclerosis by the release of which neurotransmitter?

Which predominantly female valvular disorder is thought to have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern,as well as being associated with connective tissue disease?

Which condition is a cause of acquired aortic regurgitation?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems,Cerebral Hemodynamics,and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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