Question 1

What is the cause of reflux esophagitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Immune response to gastroesophageal reflux 
B)  Delayed gastric emptying 
C)  Congenital anomaly 
D)  Secretory response to gastroesophageal reflux 
A)  Immune response to gastroesophageal reflux 
B)  Delayed gastric emptying 
C)  Congenital anomaly 
D)  Secretory response to gastroesophageal reflux B

Question 2

The adult intestine processes approximately how many liters of luminal content per day?

Accepted Answer

A)  3 
B)  6 
C)  9 
D)  12 
A)  3 
B)  6 
C)  9 
D)  12 C

Question 3

Which statement is false concerning the pathophysiologic process of alcoholic cirrhosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Inflammation and damage leading to cirrhosis begin in the bile canaliculi. 
B)  Alcohol is transformed to acetaldehyde, which promotes liver fibrosis. 
C)  Mitochondrial function is impaired, decreasing oxidation of fatty acids. 
D)  Acetaldehyde inhibits export of proteins from the liver. 
A)  Inflammation and damage leading to cirrhosis begin in the bile canaliculi. 
B)  Alcohol is transformed to acetaldehyde, which promotes liver fibrosis. 
C)  Mitochondrial function is impaired, decreasing oxidation of fatty acids. 
D)  Acetaldehyde inhibits export of proteins from the liver. A

Question 4

Where in the brain is the vomiting center located?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypothalamus 
B)  Medulla oblongata 
C)  Pons 
D)  Midbrain 
A)  Hypothalamus 
B)  Medulla oblongata 
C)  Pons 
D)  Midbrain

Question 5

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
-Inflammation develops in crypts of Lieberkühn in the large intestine.

Accepted Answer

A) Ulcerative colitis 
B) Crohn disease 
A) Ulcerative colitis 
B) Crohn disease

Question 6

Which structure regulates eating behavior and energy metabolism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Anterior pituitary 
B)  Hypothalamus 
C)  Posterior pituitary 
D)  Parietal lobe 
A)  Anterior pituitary 
B)  Hypothalamus 
C)  Posterior pituitary 
D)  Parietal lobe

Question 7

By what mechanism does intussusception cause an intestinal obstruction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Telescoping of part of the intestine into another section of intestine, usually causing strangulation of the blood supply 
B)  Twisting the intestine on its mesenteric pedicle, causing occlusion of the blood supply 
C)  Loss of peristaltic motor activity in the intestine, causing an adynamic ileus 
D)  Forming fibrin and scar tissue that attach to the intestinal omentum, causing obstruction 
A)  Telescoping of part of the intestine into another section of intestine, usually causing strangulation of the blood supply 
B)  Twisting the intestine on its mesenteric pedicle, causing occlusion of the blood supply 
C)  Loss of peristaltic motor activity in the intestine, causing an adynamic ileus 
D)  Forming fibrin and scar tissue that attach to the intestinal omentum, causing obstruction

Question 8

Which statement is false concerning how abdominal pain is produced?

Accepted Answer

A)  Chemical mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin, produce abdominal pain. 
B)  Edema and vascular congestion produce abdominal pain by stretching. 
C)  Ischemia, caused by distention of bowel obstruction or mesenteric vessel thrombosis, produces abdominal pain. 
D)  Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Enterobacteria, and Bacteroides, produce abdominal pain. 
A)  Chemical mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin, produce abdominal pain. 
B)  Edema and vascular congestion produce abdominal pain by stretching. 
C)  Ischemia, caused by distention of bowel obstruction or mesenteric vessel thrombosis, produces abdominal pain. 
D)  Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Enterobacteria, and Bacteroides, produce abdominal pain.

Question 9

How many stools per day are considered the upper limits of normal?

Accepted Answer

A)  Two 
B)  Three 
C)  Five 
D)  Seven 
A)  Two 
B)  Three 
C)  Five 
D)  Seven

Question 10

Which statement is false regarding the pathophysiologic process of acute pancreatitis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bile duct or pancreatic duct obstruction blocks the outflow of pancreatic digestive enzymes. 
B)  Acute pancreatitis can also result from direct cellular injury from drugs or viral infection. 
C)  Acute pancreatitis is an autoimmune disease in which immunoglobulin G (IgG) coats the pancreatic acinar cells; consequently, the pancreatic enzymes destroy the cells. 
D)  Acute pancreatitis is usually mild and spontaneously resolves. 
A)  Bile duct or pancreatic duct obstruction blocks the outflow of pancreatic digestive enzymes. 
B)  Acute pancreatitis can also result from direct cellular injury from drugs or viral infection. 
C)  Acute pancreatitis is an autoimmune disease in which immunoglobulin G (IgG) coats the pancreatic acinar cells; consequently, the pancreatic enzymes destroy the cells. 
D)  Acute pancreatitis is usually mild and spontaneously resolves.

Question 11

What term is used to identify frank bleeding of the rectum?

Accepted Answer

A)  Melena 
B)  Hematochezia 
C)  Occult bleeding 
D)  Hematemesis 
A)  Melena 
B)  Hematochezia 
C)  Occult bleeding 
D)  Hematemesis

Question 12

Which hormones are natural appetite suppressants? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Insulin 
B)  Cortisol 
C)  Galanin 
D)  Calcitonin 
E)  Serotonin 
A)  Insulin 
B)  Cortisol 
C)  Galanin 
D)  Calcitonin 
E)  Serotonin

Question 13

Antiemetic agents,such as domperidone and haloperidol,are antagonists for which receptors?

Accepted Answer

A)  5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) serotonin 
B)  Histamine-2 
C)  Acetylcholine 
D)  Dopamine 
A)  5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) serotonin 
B)  Histamine-2 
C)  Acetylcholine 
D)  Dopamine

Question 14

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms.
-Alterations in immunoglobulin G (IgA)production have been found in individuals with this disorder.

Accepted Answer

A) Ulcerative colitis 
B) Crohn disease 
A) Ulcerative colitis 
B) Crohn disease

Question 15

What is the cause of functional dysphagia?

Accepted Answer

A)  Intrinsic mechanical obstruction 
B)  Extrinsic mechanical obstruction 
C)  Tumor 
D)  Neural or muscular disorders 
A)  Intrinsic mechanical obstruction 
B)  Extrinsic mechanical obstruction 
C)  Tumor 
D)  Neural or muscular disorders

Question 16

After a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty,clinical manifestations that include increased pulse,hypotension,weakness,pallor,sweating,and dizziness are the results of which mechanism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Anaphylactic reaction in which chemical mediators, such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, relax vascular smooth muscles, causing shock 
B)  Postoperative hemorrhage during which a large volume of blood is lost, causing hypotension with compensatory tachycardia 
C)  Concentrated bolus that moves from the stomach into the small intestine, causing hyperglycemia and resulting in polyuria and eventually hypovolemic shock 
D)  Rapid gastric emptying and the creation of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine, causing a sudden shift of fluid from the blood vessels to the intestinal lumen 
A)  Anaphylactic reaction in which chemical mediators, such as histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, relax vascular smooth muscles, causing shock 
B)  Postoperative hemorrhage during which a large volume of blood is lost, causing hypotension with compensatory tachycardia 
C)  Concentrated bolus that moves from the stomach into the small intestine, causing hyperglycemia and resulting in polyuria and eventually hypovolemic shock 
D)  Rapid gastric emptying and the creation of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine, causing a sudden shift of fluid from the blood vessels to the intestinal lumen

Question 17

Which symptom is characteristic of bulimia nervosa?

Accepted Answer

A)  Recurrent episodes of binge eating with fears of not being able to stop eating. 
B)  Fear of becoming obese, despite progressive weight loss. 
C)  Perception that the body is fat when it is actually underweight. 
D)  Absence of three consecutive menstrual periods. 
A)  Recurrent episodes of binge eating with fears of not being able to stop eating. 
B)  Fear of becoming obese, despite progressive weight loss. 
C)  Perception that the body is fat when it is actually underweight. 
D)  Absence of three consecutive menstrual periods.

Question 18

Hepatic fat accumulation is observed in which form of cirrhosis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Biliary 
B)  Metabolic 
C)  Postnecrotic 
D)  Alcoholic 
A)  Biliary 
B)  Metabolic 
C)  Postnecrotic 
D)  Alcoholic

Question 19

Which statement is false concerning the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Impaired excretion of sodium by the kidneys promotes water retention. 
B)  Decreased oncotic pressure and increased hepatic sinusoidal hydrostatic pressure cause the movement of fluid into the peritoneal cavity. 
C)  Decreased blood flow to the kidneys activates aldosterone, which retains sodium. 
D)  Circulating nitric oxide causes vasoconstriction, which forces fluid from the capillaries into the peritoneal cavity. 
A)  Impaired excretion of sodium by the kidneys promotes water retention. 
B)  Decreased oncotic pressure and increased hepatic sinusoidal hydrostatic pressure cause the movement of fluid into the peritoneal cavity. 
C)  Decreased blood flow to the kidneys activates aldosterone, which retains sodium. 
D)  Circulating nitric oxide causes vasoconstriction, which forces fluid from the capillaries into the peritoneal cavity.

Question 20

A peptic ulcer may occur in all of the following areas except the:

Accepted Answer

A)  Stomach 
B)  Duodenum 
C)  Jejunum 
D)  Esophagus 
A)  Stomach 
B)  Duodenum 
C)  Jejunum 
D)  Esophagus

Exam 41: Alterations of Digestive Function

What is the cause of reflux esophagitis?

The adult intestine processes approximately how many liters of luminal content per day?

Which statement is false concerning the pathophysiologic process of alcoholic cirrhosis?

Where in the brain is the vomiting center located?

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms. -Inflammation develops in crypts of Lieberkühn in the large intestine.

Which structure regulates eating behavior and energy metabolism?

By what mechanism does intussusception cause an intestinal obstruction?

Which statement is false concerning how abdominal pain is produced?

How many stools per day are considered the upper limits of normal?

Which statement is false regarding the pathophysiologic process of acute pancreatitis?

What term is used to identify frank bleeding of the rectum?

Which hormones are natural appetite suppressants? (Select all that apply.)

Antiemetic agents,such as domperidone and haloperidol,are antagonists for which receptors?

Match the descriptions with the corresponding terms. -Alterations in immunoglobulin G (IgA)production have been found in individuals with this disorder.

What is the cause of functional dysphagia?

After a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty,clinical manifestations that include increased pulse,hypotension,weakness,pallor,sweating,and dizziness are the results of which mechanism?

Which symptom is characteristic of bulimia nervosa?

Hepatic fat accumulation is observed in which form of cirrhosis?

Which statement is false concerning the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?

A peptic ulcer may occur in all of the following areas except the:

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems,Cerebral Hemodynamics,and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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