Question 1

How can abdominal pain that is visceral in nature best be described?

Accepted Answer

A)  Abdominal pain that is visceral in nature is diffused, vague, poorly localized, and dull. 
B)  It travels from a specific organ to the spinal cord. 
C)  The pain lateralizes from only one side of the nervous system. 
D)  Abdominal pain is associated with the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract. 
A)  Abdominal pain that is visceral in nature is diffused, vague, poorly localized, and dull. 
B)  It travels from a specific organ to the spinal cord. 
C)  The pain lateralizes from only one side of the nervous system. 
D)  Abdominal pain is associated with the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 2

Which clinical manifestations are consistent with cancer of the cecum and ascending colon? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Mahogany-colored blood mixed with stool 
B)  Anemia 
C)  Pain 
D)  Constipation 
E)  Palpable mass in the lower right quadrant 
A)  Mahogany-colored blood mixed with stool 
B)  Anemia 
C)  Pain 
D)  Constipation 
E)  Palpable mass in the lower right quadrant

Question 3

An intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine causes metabolic alkalosis by causing which outcome?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gain of bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions that cannot be absorbed 
B)  Excessive loss of hydrogen ions normally absorbed from gastric juices 
C)  Excessive loss of potassium, promoting atony of the intestinal wall 
D)  Loss of bile acid secretions that cannot be absorbed 
A)  Gain of bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions that cannot be absorbed 
B)  Excessive loss of hydrogen ions normally absorbed from gastric juices 
C)  Excessive loss of potassium, promoting atony of the intestinal wall 
D)  Loss of bile acid secretions that cannot be absorbed

Question 4

The mutation of which gene is an early event associated with the pathogenetic origin of esophageal cancer?

Accepted Answer

A)  K-ras mutation 
B)  TP53 
C)  myc 
D)  HER2 
A)  K-ras mutation 
B)  TP53 
C)  myc 
D)  HER2

Question 5

The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is what type of bleeding?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rectal 
B)  Duodenal 
C)  Esophageal 
D)  Intestinal 
A)  Rectal 
B)  Duodenal 
C)  Esophageal 
D)  Intestinal

Question 6

What is the most immediate result of a small intestinal obstruction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vomiting 
B)  Dehydration 
C)  Electrolyte imbalances 
D)  Distention 
A)  Vomiting 
B)  Dehydration 
C)  Electrolyte imbalances 
D)  Distention

Question 7

Which statements are true regarding chronic gastritis? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Chronic gastritis tends to occur in older adults. 
B)  It causes thinning and degeneration of the stomach wall. 
C)  Chronic gastritis results in chronic inflammation and mucosal atrophy. 
D)  Mucosal atrophy is a common outcome of chronic gastritis. 
E)  Epithelial metaplasia is often observed with chronic gastritis. 
A)  Chronic gastritis tends to occur in older adults. 
B)  It causes thinning and degeneration of the stomach wall. 
C)  Chronic gastritis results in chronic inflammation and mucosal atrophy. 
D)  Mucosal atrophy is a common outcome of chronic gastritis. 
E)  Epithelial metaplasia is often observed with chronic gastritis.

Question 8

Considering the normal frequency of bowel evacuation,how infrequently can evacuation occur and still be considered within normal range?

Accepted Answer

A)  Once a day 
B)  Once every 2 days 
C)  Once a week 
D)  Once every 2 weeks 
A)  Once a day 
B)  Once every 2 days 
C)  Once a week 
D)  Once every 2 weeks

Question 9

What are the cardinal symptoms of small intestinal obstruction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Constant, dull pain in the lower abdomen relieved by defecation 
B)  Acute, intermittent pain 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating 
C)  Colicky pain caused by distention, followed by vomiting 
D)  Excruciating pain in the hypogastric area caused by ischemia 
A)  Constant, dull pain in the lower abdomen relieved by defecation 
B)  Acute, intermittent pain 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating 
C)  Colicky pain caused by distention, followed by vomiting 
D)  Excruciating pain in the hypogastric area caused by ischemia

Question 10

Which statement is consistent with dumping syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dumping syndrome usually responds well to dietary management. 
B)  It occurs 1 to 2 hours after eating. 
C)  Constipation is often a result of the dumping syndrome. 
D)  It can result in alkaline reflux gastritis. 
A)  Dumping syndrome usually responds well to dietary management. 
B)  It occurs 1 to 2 hours after eating. 
C)  Constipation is often a result of the dumping syndrome. 
D)  It can result in alkaline reflux gastritis.

Question 11

Which statement is false regarding the sources of increased ammonia that contribute to hepatic encephalopathy?

Accepted Answer

A)  End products of intestinal protein digestion are sources of increased ammonia. 
B)  Digested blood leaking from ruptured varices is a source of increased ammonia. 
C)  Accumulation of short-chain fatty acids that is attached to ammonia is a source of increased ammonia. 
D)  Ammonia-forming bacteria in the colon are sources of increased ammonia. 
A)  End products of intestinal protein digestion are sources of increased ammonia. 
B)  Digested blood leaking from ruptured varices is a source of increased ammonia. 
C)  Accumulation of short-chain fatty acids that is attached to ammonia is a source of increased ammonia. 
D)  Ammonia-forming bacteria in the colon are sources of increased ammonia.

Question 12

Which are the early (prodromal)clinical manifestations of hepatitis? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Fatigue 
B)  Vomiting 
C)  Itching 
D)  Splenomegaly 
E)  Hyperalgia 
A)  Fatigue 
B)  Vomiting 
C)  Itching 
D)  Splenomegaly 
E)  Hyperalgia

Question 13

What is the most common manifestation of portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly?

Accepted Answer

A)  Leukopenia 
B)  Thrombocytopenia 
C)  Erythrocytopenia 
D)  Pancytopenia 
A)  Leukopenia 
B)  Thrombocytopenia 
C)  Erythrocytopenia 
D)  Pancytopenia

Question 14

What is a cause of chronic antral gastritis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Helicobacter pylori bacteria 
B)  Development of autoantibodies to gastric H+/K+ ATPase 
C)  Pernicious anemia 
D)  Reflux of bile and alkaline pancreatic secretions 
A)  Helicobacter pylori bacteria 
B)  Development of autoantibodies to gastric H+/K+ ATPase 
C)  Pernicious anemia 
D)  Reflux of bile and alkaline pancreatic secretions

Question 15

Which statement is false regarding the contributing factors of duodenal ulcers?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bleeding from duodenal ulcers causes hematemesis or melena. 
B)  Gastric emptying is slowed, causing greater exposure of the mucosa to acid. 
C)  The characteristic pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when the stomach is empty. 
D)  Duodenal ulcers occur with greater frequency than other types of peptic ulcers. 
A)  Bleeding from duodenal ulcers causes hematemesis or melena. 
B)  Gastric emptying is slowed, causing greater exposure of the mucosa to acid. 
C)  The characteristic pain begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when the stomach is empty. 
D)  Duodenal ulcers occur with greater frequency than other types of peptic ulcers.

Question 16

What is the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Excessive production of hydrochloric acid 
B)  Zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter 
C)  Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the esophagus 
D)  Reverse muscular peristalsis of the esophagus 
A)  Excessive production of hydrochloric acid 
B)  Zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter 
C)  Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the esophagus 
D)  Reverse muscular peristalsis of the esophagus

Question 17

Which statements are true regarding parietal pain? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Parietal pain arises from the parietal peritoneum. 
B)  It is generally more localized than visceral pain. 
C)  Parietal pain is usually less intense than visceral pain. 
D)  Nerve fibers that travel to the spinal cord are involved in parietal pain. 
E)  Parietal pain corresponds to dermatomes T6 and L1. 
A)  Parietal pain arises from the parietal peritoneum. 
B)  It is generally more localized than visceral pain. 
C)  Parietal pain is usually less intense than visceral pain. 
D)  Nerve fibers that travel to the spinal cord are involved in parietal pain. 
E)  Parietal pain corresponds to dermatomes T6 and L1.

Question 18

What stimulates the desire to eat?

Accepted Answer

A)  Agouti-related protein (AgRP) 
B)  Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH) 
C)  Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) 
D)  Peptide YY (PYY) 
A)  Agouti-related protein (AgRP) 
B)  Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH) 
C)  Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) 
D)  Peptide YY (PYY)

Question 19

What type of diarrhea is a result of lactase deficiency?

Accepted Answer

A)  Motility 
B)  Osmotic 
C)  Secretory 
D)  Small-volume 
A)  Motility 
B)  Osmotic 
C)  Secretory 
D)  Small-volume

Question 20

A person who has cholera would be expected to have which type of diarrhea?

Accepted Answer

A)  Osmotic 
B)  Secretory 
C)  Small volume 
D)  Motility 
A)  Osmotic 
B)  Secretory 
C)  Small volume 
D)  Motility

Exam 41: Alterations of Digestive Function

How can abdominal pain that is visceral in nature best be described?

Which clinical manifestations are consistent with cancer of the cecum and ascending colon? (Select all that apply.)

An intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine causes metabolic alkalosis by causing which outcome?

The mutation of which gene is an early event associated with the pathogenetic origin of esophageal cancer?

The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is what type of bleeding?

What is the most immediate result of a small intestinal obstruction?

Which statements are true regarding chronic gastritis? (Select all that apply.)

Considering the normal frequency of bowel evacuation,how infrequently can evacuation occur and still be considered within normal range?

What are the cardinal symptoms of small intestinal obstruction?

Which statement is consistent with dumping syndrome?

Which statement is false regarding the sources of increased ammonia that contribute to hepatic encephalopathy?

Which are the early (prodromal)clinical manifestations of hepatitis? (Select all that apply.)

What is the most common manifestation of portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly?

What is a cause of chronic antral gastritis?

Which statement is false regarding the contributing factors of duodenal ulcers?

What is the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease?

Which statements are true regarding parietal pain? (Select all that apply.)

What stimulates the desire to eat?

What type of diarrhea is a result of lactase deficiency?

A person who has cholera would be expected to have which type of diarrhea?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems,Cerebral Hemodynamics,and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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