Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

In a classical conditioning experiment that is utilizing backward pairing, the __________ is presented ________ the UCS.

Cognitive learning theorists believe that the most important factor in learning through classical conditioning is

In classical conditioning, the best sequencing of CS and UCS is

Other stimuli can become secondary reinforcers by being associated with

Punishment functions to decrease the likelihood of a behaviour, while negative reinforcement serves to __________ a behaviour.

When rats receive a shock that is paired with a light, a buzzer, and a sweet tasting food, in the future they tend to avoid the buzzer and the light but will continue to consume the sweet tasting food. This finding best demonstrates the concept of

According to the principles of operant conditioning, natural stimuli such as food and water that an organism naturally finds reinforcing are called

Animals placed on a ________________ schedule of reinforcement often show a pause briefly after being reinforced, possibly because they have learned that the next response is never reinforced.

An organism learns an association between two stimuli in ________________ conditioning, whereas an association between a behaviour and its consequence is learned in __________________ conditioning.

From a cognitive learning perspective, superstitious behaviour can best be explained in terms of

Why are antecedent stimuli important in operant conditioning?

Describe the role of negative reinforcement in escape and avoidance conditioning.

Define what is meant by the term "delay of gratification."

The notion of tabula rasa, or blank tablet upon which learning experiences were ascribed, is most closely associated with which of the following schools of psychology?

In a study designed to improve immune system functioning of rats, a researcher pairs a drug that strengthens the immune system with sweet water. After several trials, the drug is removed, but when the rats consume only the sweetened water, their immune system functioning improves. This example demonstrates a potentially important application of

A new skier who first watches and then copies his experienced friends is most likely making use of which learning strategy?

What is the adaptive significance of observational learning?

Bryn adopted her cat, Minnie, from the local shelter. She feeds Minnie dry food, but the previous owner fed her only canned food. Every time Bryn opens her refrigerator, her new cat comes running. Bryn never gives Minnie food after she opens the refrigerator, however, so eventually the cat stops showing up. The cat's learned response to the sound of the refrigerator being opened has been

One way that operant extinction and response cost punishment are similar is that they both involve _____________.

In the 70s, alcoholic patients were given a drug that intensifies the hangover symptoms to help with their addiction. This type of approach is an example of?