Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

The fact that exposure to stimulating environments seems to _____________ the declines in cognitive functioning that usually occur in late adulthood best demonstrates how ___________.

A researcher in a classical conditioning experiment first conditions a dog to salivate in response to the presentation of a red circle. After this response has been established, she presents a light immediately before she displays the red circle and after several trials, the light comes to trigger the salivation response. This example best demonstrates the process of

Yan has a very stressful job. He often comes home from work and has a drink to ease the stress. Now he finds that he is drinking quite often. Yan's drinking is maintained by

Neuroimaging studies have shown that response to a stimulus that signals the absence of shock and does not activate the amygdala is a certain type of stimulus. This is type of stimulus is _________________.

Schedules of reinforcement that are more resistant to extinction because reinforcement has been unpredictable in the past are called ___________ schedules of reinforcement.

Giving athletes random drug tests and police officers setting up roadside speed traps are examples of the

How does latent learning challenge the behaviourist view of learning?

Olga has severe symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. It is likely that neuroimaging studies will show

In aversion therapy, a stimulus that triggers an unwanted behaviour is paired with

Behaviour modification combines a behavioural approach with the scientific method in order to solve individual and societal problems, it is also known as the scientific area of _____________________________.

An exchange student visits a foreign country with a culture very different from their culture. The student observes hosts when they greet people, and the student greets the natives in the same way observed by the host family. The student has learnt this behaviour by observing _____________.

How might you shape a child who never cleans up his room to do so?

While our biology affects our learning, our experiences and learning environments do not affect our biological functioning.

You are taking a shower in your dorm and you hear a toilet being flushed nearby. You briefly step out of the flow of water because you have learned that the water becomes very hot for a few moments after this happens. In this example, which of the following would be considered to be the discriminative stimulus?

Dharma has agreed to take a survey to help her roommate with a sociology project. Her roommate promises that the survey is short and won't take much of Dharma's time. Looking through the survey, Dharma sees that if she answers "yes" to one particular question, she can move on to the next question. If she answers "no," she will be asked to write an explanation. Though Dharma disagrees with many of the statements on the survey, she resents the amount of time explaining her "no" answers will take, so she answers "yes" to every question. Dharma is displaying

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus eventually becomes an unconditioned stimulus.

James was studying very hard for his midterm. He studied all night and in the morning he had a headache, so he took a couple of Tylenol and the headache disappeared. Now James takes Tylenol all the time. His behaviour has been altered by

How does negative reinforcement differ from positive reinforcement and punishment?

A smart political candidate becomes friends with a very popular professional baseball player because she hopes that this will improve her popularity with the voters. With regard to classical conditioning principles, the professional baseball player would best be viewed as a(n) ____________.

Which of the following concepts is most similar to chaining?