Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

These schedules of reinforcement are more resistant to extinction because if reinforcement has been unpredictable in the past, it takes longer to learn that it has stopped altogether; they are known as _______________ schedules.

Aversive punishment refers to the process in which a behaviour is ___________ by the subsequent ___________ of a consequence.

Under what circumstances are CRs typically acquired most quickly?

In classical conditioning, discrimination refers to how a _____________.

In what broad ways has operant conditioning directly enhanced human welfare?

You are trying to convince a parent that allowing her children to watch violence on TV can result in the children picking up the violent behaviour themselves. Your argument is based on

What role does the environment play in personal and species adaptation?

Stuart hates passing the neighbours' house on his walk home from school because the bulldog there barks at him. Because of this, Stuart became anxious around all dogs; however, his family recently adopted a Labrador Retriever. The dog is very gentle and never barks at Stuart, and now Stuart is anxious only around the bulldog down the street. Stuart has learned to

Some individuals appear to develop posttraumatic stress disorder following trauma while others do not. This appears to be associated with

One of the key differences between classical and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning behaviour is _____________, whereas in operant conditioning behaviour is ___________.

Attempts to condition an aversion to a stimulus that triggers unwanted behaviour by pairing it with a noxious UCS is called _____________ therapy.

Discuss the evidence from Tolman's and Bandura's work that suggests that we should make a distinction between learning and performance.

Jayden is trying to teach his dog some tricks. So he gives him a doggie treat if he rolls over 2 times. Then he gives him another treat if he rolls after once. Next, he gives the dog a treat if he performs the roll over behaviour 3 times. Jayden is using a(n)

The process in which a response decreases the frequency of a behaviour by the subsequent removal of a stimulus is called _____________.

An 11-year-old girl with an overactive immune system that attacks her own body receives a treatment in which cod liver oil is paired with an immune-suppressant drug. After these initial trials, she occasionally receives only cod liver oil (without the drug),yet her body still shows the desired impairment of functioning. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the immune suppressant drug would be considered the

The period in classical conditioning during which a response is being learned is called _____________.

In order to cure himself of smoking, a man regularly places his package of cigarettes next to a particularly disturbing picture of two lungs that are black from a lifetime of smoking. After a week of this, the man can't pick up his cigarettes without thinking of this intense image, and as a result he smokes less. In this example, what type of therapy is the man using to help stop smoking?

Extinction will usually occur if the CS is presented several times without the UCS.

Let's say that have just won a lottery draw. The gaming commission offers you two choices for prize: $500 now or $2000 next year. You are very excited about this outcome, but will probably choose the $2000 next year because of your ability to

During the process of extinction, it is not uncommon for a CR to recur if, after a period of time has passed, the CS is presented again. This is known as ________________ recovery.