Question 1

Value is defined as:

Accepted Answer

A) a mental state of the future. 
B) extent of effort applied to the task. 
C)  the gradient for success. 
D) The perceived attractiveness of a task. 
A) a mental state of the future. 
B) extent of effort applied to the task. 
C)  the gradient for success. 
D) The perceived attractiveness of a task. D

Question 2

Expectancy best predicts ________, while value best predicts ________.

Accepted Answer

A) mastery motivation, self-efficacy 
B) self-efficacy, mastery motivation 
C) choices, performance 
D) performance, choices 
A) mastery motivation, self-efficacy 
B) self-efficacy, mastery motivation 
C) choices, performance 
D) performance, choices D

Question 3

The differential reaction to failure shown by a mastery-oriented versus a helpless-oriented individual is most pronounced and obvious during tasks that are:

Accepted Answer

A) challenging, where success is not guaranteed 
B) easy 
C) problems with one clear right answer 
D) problems that are open-ended and do not have a clear single right answer 
A) challenging, where success is not guaranteed 
B) easy 
C) problems with one clear right answer 
D) problems that are open-ended and do not have a clear single right answer A

Question 4

Describe what researchers do during the conduct of a "value intervention" to promote
high value in a task.

Accepted Answer

During the conduct of a "value intervent

Question 5

Value interventions increased perceived task value, but only for some people.
Value interventions increase value for people with initially low or weak expectations for success on that task or activity.Explain why value interventions work only conditionally for some but not for all.

Accepted Answer

Value interventions work conditionally f

Question 6

As one person watches a peer perform incompetently and verbalize distress, the observer comes to believe, "If she can't do it, what makes me think I can?"
The observer's self-efficacy belief has been affected by:

Accepted Answer

A) personal behavior history. 
B) physiological state. 
C) verbal persuasion. 
D)  vicarious experience. 
A) personal behavior history. 
B) physiological state. 
C) verbal persuasion. 
D)  vicarious experience.

Question 7

Discuss the differences between depressed and non-depressed individuals in estimating how much control they have over a situation.

Accepted Answer

Depressed individuals tend to have a mor

Question 8

The motivation to exercise personal control in one's life is predicated on the person's:

Accepted Answer

A) belief that positive outcomes can be achieved even in uncontrollable situations. 
B) belief that he or she has the personal capacity to produce favorable results. 
C) high self-esteem. 
D) passivity in low-control situations but activity in high-control situations. 
A) belief that positive outcomes can be achieved even in uncontrollable situations. 
B) belief that he or she has the personal capacity to produce favorable results. 
C) high self-esteem. 
D) passivity in low-control situations but activity in high-control situations.

Question 9

Learned helplessness theory relies on the components of contingency, cognition, and behavior to explain the motivational dynamics underlying helplessness.Explain what these three components mean and provide an illustrative example of each.

Accepted Answer

Contingency refers to the relationship b

Question 10

The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is:

Accepted Answer

A) personal behavior history. 
B) verbal persuasion. 
C) vicarious experience. 
D) physiological state. 
A) personal behavior history. 
B) verbal persuasion. 
C) vicarious experience. 
D) physiological state.

Question 11

What is explanatory style? Explain why a pessimistic explanatory style negatively affects physical health and academic performance.

Accepted Answer

Explanatory style refers to an individua

Question 12

The illusion of control is an attributional phenomenon that, over time, fosters:

Accepted Answer

A) a pessimistic explanatory style. 
B) an optimistic explanatory style. 
C) depression. 
D) learned helplessness. 
A) a pessimistic explanatory style. 
B) an optimistic explanatory style. 
C) depression. 
D) learned helplessness.

Question 13

After how many trials of failure on a new task will a person's active, effortful coping be the greatest?

Accepted Answer

A) 0 failures 
B) 1 failure 
C) 4 failures 
D) 8 or more failures 
A) 0 failures 
B) 1 failure 
C) 4 failures 
D) 8 or more failures

Question 14

You might hear a person who is experiencing learned helplessness saying each of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A) "I feel low; depressed." 
B) "I failed, but it wasn't my fault." 
C) "No matter why I tried, nothing seemed to work." 
D) "Why try?" 
A) "I feel low; depressed." 
B) "I failed, but it wasn't my fault." 
C) "No matter why I tried, nothing seemed to work." 
D) "Why try?"

Question 15

In their studies in which participants judged how much control they had in a low-control situation, Alloy and Abramson concluded that:

Accepted Answer

A) depressed individuals made accurate judgments of control while nondepressed individuals overestimated their control. 
B) depressed individuals overestimated their control while nondepressed individuals made accurate judgments of control. 
C) depressed individuals underestimated their control while nondepressed individuals made accurate judgments about their control. 
D) both depressed and nondepressed individuals made accurate judgments about their control. 
A) depressed individuals made accurate judgments of control while nondepressed individuals overestimated their control. 
B) depressed individuals overestimated their control while nondepressed individuals made accurate judgments of control. 
C) depressed individuals underestimated their control while nondepressed individuals made accurate judgments about their control. 
D) both depressed and nondepressed individuals made accurate judgments about their control.

Question 16

In the second phase of the Seligman and Maier (1967) experiment with dogs in the shuttle box, dogs in the ___condition(s) during phase 1 of the experiment were able to learn how to terminate the shock.

Accepted Answer

A) aversive shock 
B) escapable shock 
C) inescapable shock 
D) high shock 
A) aversive shock 
B) escapable shock 
C) inescapable shock 
D) high shock

Question 17

Which of the following relations represent a person's efficacy expectations?

Accepted Answer

A) Action $\rightarrow$ Control 
B) Action $\rightarrow$ Outcomes 
C) Self $\rightarrow$ Action 
D) Self $\rightarrow$ Control 
A) Action $\rightarrow$ Control 
B) Action $\rightarrow$ Outcomes 
C) Self $\rightarrow$ Action 
D) Self $\rightarrow$ Control

Question 18

Which of the following quotations best represents an outcome expectation?

Accepted Answer

A) "Do it." 
B)  "I can do it." 
C) "I have what it takes to do this." 
D) "What I do will work." 
A) "Do it." 
B)  "I can do it." 
C) "I have what it takes to do this." 
D) "What I do will work."

Question 19

Define an outcome expectation.Provide one example of an outcome expectation.

Accepted Answer

An outcome expectation is a belief about

Question 20

Explain the important role that self-efficacy beliefs play in the choices we make and the persistence we show on difficult tasks.

Accepted Answer

Self-efficacy beliefs play a crucial rol

Value is defined as:

Expectancy best predicts , while value best predicts .

The differential reaction to failure shown by a mastery-oriented versus a helpless-oriented individual is most pronounced and obvious during tasks that are:

Describe what researchers do during the conduct of a "value intervention" to promote high value in a task.

Value interventions increased perceived task value, but only for some people. Value interventions increase value for people with initially low or weak expectations for success on that task or activity.Explain why value interventions work only conditionally for some but not for all.

As one person watches a peer perform incompetently and verbalize distress, the observer comes to believe, "If she can't do it, what makes me think I can?" The observer's self-efficacy belief has been affected by:

Discuss the differences between depressed and non-depressed individuals in estimating how much control they have over a situation.

The motivation to exercise personal control in one's life is predicated on the person's:

Learned helplessness theory relies on the components of contingency, cognition, and behavior to explain the motivational dynamics underlying helplessness.Explain what these three components mean and provide an illustrative example of each.

The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is:

What is explanatory style? Explain why a pessimistic explanatory style negatively affects physical health and academic performance.

The illusion of control is an attributional phenomenon that, over time, fosters:

After how many trials of failure on a new task will a person's active, effortful coping be the greatest?

You might hear a person who is experiencing learned helplessness saying each of the following except:

In their studies in which participants judged how much control they had in a low-control situation, Alloy and Abramson concluded that:

In the second phase of the Seligman and Maier (1967) experiment with dogs in the shuttle box, dogs in the ___condition(s) during phase 1 of the experiment were able to learn how to terminate the shock.

Which of the following relations represent a person's efficacy expectations?

Which of the following quotations best represents an outcome expectation?

Define an outcome expectation.Provide one example of an outcome expectation.

Explain the important role that self-efficacy beliefs play in the choices we make and the persistence we show on difficult tasks.

Introduction

Motivation and Emotion in Historical Perspective

The Motivated and Emotional Brain

Physiological Needs

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations

Psychological Needs

Implicit Motives

Goal Setting and Goal Striving

Mindsets

The Self and Its Strivings

Nature of Emotion: Six Perennial Questions

Aspects of Emotion

Individual Emotions

Growth Motivation and Positive Psychology

Unconscious Motivation

Interventions

Filters

Exam 10: Personal Control Beliefs

Value is defined as:

Expectancy best predicts ________, while value best predicts ________.

The differential reaction to failure shown by a mastery-oriented versus a helpless-oriented individual is most pronounced and obvious during tasks that are:

Describe what researchers do during the conduct of a "value intervention" to promote high value in a task.

Value interventions increased perceived task value, but only for some people. Value interventions increase value for people with initially low or weak expectations for success on that task or activity.Explain why value interventions work only conditionally for some but not for all.

As one person watches a peer perform incompetently and verbalize distress, the observer comes to believe, "If she can't do it, what makes me think I can?" The observer's self-efficacy belief has been affected by:

Discuss the differences between depressed and non-depressed individuals in estimating how much control they have over a situation.

The motivation to exercise personal control in one's life is predicated on the person's:

Learned helplessness theory relies on the components of contingency, cognition, and behavior to explain the motivational dynamics underlying helplessness.Explain what these three components mean and provide an illustrative example of each.

The antecedent that most strongly determines the strength of a person's efficacy expectation is:

What is explanatory style? Explain why a pessimistic explanatory style negatively affects physical health and academic performance.

The illusion of control is an attributional phenomenon that, over time, fosters:

After how many trials of failure on a new task will a person's active, effortful coping be the greatest?

You might hear a person who is experiencing learned helplessness saying each of the following except:

In their studies in which participants judged how much control they had in a low-control situation, Alloy and Abramson concluded that:

In the second phase of the Seligman and Maier (1967) experiment with dogs in the shuttle box, dogs in the ___condition(s) during phase 1 of the experiment were able to learn how to terminate the shock.

Which of the following relations represent a person's efficacy expectations?

Which of the following quotations best represents an outcome expectation?

Define an outcome expectation.Provide one example of an outcome expectation.

Explain the important role that self-efficacy beliefs play in the choices we make and the persistence we show on difficult tasks.

Introduction

Motivation and Emotion in Historical Perspective

The Motivated and Emotional Brain

Physiological Needs

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations

Psychological Needs

Implicit Motives

Goal Setting and Goal Striving

Mindsets

The Self and Its Strivings

Nature of Emotion: Six Perennial Questions

Aspects of Emotion

Individual Emotions

Growth Motivation and Positive Psychology

Unconscious Motivation

Interventions

Filters

Expectancy best predicts , while value best predicts .