Question 1

Outline the typical experimental procedure to test the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

Accepted Answer

To test the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation, researchers typically follow an experimental procedure that allows them to measure changes in a participant's intrinsic motivation after the introduction of extrinsic rewards. Here is an outline of a typical experimental procedure:

1. **Selection of Participants:**
   - Recruit a sample of participants that is representative of the population you wish to study.
   - Ensure that participants have varying levels of initial intrinsic motivation towards the task at hand.

2. **Pre-Testing:**
   - Measure the baseline intrinsic motivation of each participant. This can be done through questionnaires, interviews, or by observing the frequency and duration of engagement in the task without any rewards.
   - Ensure that the task is interesting enough to elicit intrinsic motivation but not so interesting that it maximizes intrinsic motivation for all participants.

3. **Random Assignment:**
   - Randomly assign participants to either a control group or an experimental group(s) to ensure that any differences observed are due to the manipulation of extrinsic rewards and not other variables.

4. **Introduction of the Task:**
   - Introduce a task that participants will be asked to perform. The task should be relevant to the study and should be able to be performed under varying conditions of reward.

5. **Manipulation of Extrinsic Rewards:**
   - For the experimental group(s), introduce extrinsic rewards. These can be monetary, grades, praise, certificates, or any other form of reward that is external to the task itself.
   - The control group should not receive any extrinsic rewards.
   - It's important to consider the timing, type, and amount of reward, as these can all influence intrinsic motivation differently.

6. **Measurement During the Task:**
   - While participants are engaged in the task, collect data on their performance, engagement, and affect. This can include direct observation, self-report measures, or performance metrics.

7. **Post-Task Assessment:**
   - After the task is completed, measure participants' intrinsic motivation again using the same methods as in the pre-testing phase.
   - Additionally, you may want to ask participants about their perceptions of the task and the rewards.

8. **Follow-Up:**
   - In some studies, it may be beneficial to conduct a follow-up assessment after some time has passed to see if the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation are lasting or temporary.

9. **Data Analysis:**
   - Analyze the data to determine if there are significant differences in intrinsic motivation between the control and experimental groups.
   - Use statistical methods to control for any confounding variables and to test the robustness of your findings.

10. **Interpretation and Conclusion:**
    - Interpret the results in the context of existing theories and research on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
    - Draw conclusions about the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation based on the data collected.

11. **Reporting Results:**
    - Prepare a report or academic paper detailing the experimental procedure, findings, and implications of the study.
    - Discuss any limitations of the study and suggest areas for future research.

This experimental procedure is based on the "overjustification hypothesis," which suggests that extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation if the rewards are perceived as controlling or if the task was initially interesting to the participant. The careful design and execution of the experiment are crucial to accurately assess the relationship between extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation.

Question 2

According to Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. To say that an external event is controlling means that it:

Accepted Answer

A) acts more like a negative reinforcer than a positive reinforcer. 
B) coerces a person into doing some particular act. 
C) communicates a job well done. 
D) provides an incentive to increase motivation. 
A) acts more like a negative reinforcer than a positive reinforcer. 
B) coerces a person into doing some particular act. 
C) communicates a job well done. 
D) provides an incentive to increase motivation. B

Question 3

Which of the following is not an assumption of cognitive evaluation theory?

Accepted Answer

A) All external events have a controlling aspect. 
B) All external events have an informational aspect. 
C) All external events promote intrinsic motivation. 
D) All people possess psychological needs for competence and autonomy. 
A) All external events have a controlling aspect. 
B) All external events have an informational aspect. 
C) All external events promote intrinsic motivation. 
D) All people possess psychological needs for competence and autonomy. C

Question 4

If a person uttered the following two quotes, what would be the most likely source of his or her amotivation:___ o "The task has no appeal or meaning to me."
O "I am not interested in this task."

Accepted Answer

A) lack of autonomy (i.e., autonomy deficit) 
B) lack of competence (i.e., competence deficit) 
C) lack of relatedness (i.e., relatedness deficit) 
D) lack of safety (i.e., safety deficit) 
A) lack of autonomy (i.e., autonomy deficit) 
B) lack of competence (i.e., competence deficit) 
C) lack of relatedness (i.e., relatedness deficit) 
D) lack of safety (i.e., safety deficit)

Question 5

From where does a person's high level of intrinsic motivation come?

Accepted Answer

A) It emerges spontaneously from psychological needs. 
B) It is learned over time from experiences of praise and positive feedback. 
C) It is the product of positive incentives and positive reinforcers. 
D) It comes from social models who show high intrinsic motivation in their lives. 
A) It emerges spontaneously from psychological needs. 
B) It is learned over time from experiences of praise and positive feedback. 
C) It is the product of positive incentives and positive reinforcers. 
D) It comes from social models who show high intrinsic motivation in their lives.

Question 6

Which of the following sentences best captures the spirit of extrinsic motivation?

Accepted Answer

A) Building high confidence is the antidote to anxiety and avoidance. 
B) Do this in order to get that. 
C) Doing, or saying, is believing. 
D) Motivation is the joint product of expectancy times value. 
A) Building high confidence is the antidote to anxiety and avoidance. 
B) Do this in order to get that. 
C) Doing, or saying, is believing. 
D) Motivation is the joint product of expectancy times value.

Question 7

Internalization refers to the process through which an individual:

Accepted Answer

A) begins to see uninteresting activities as if they were now interesting ones. 
B) combines the three psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. 
C) transforms a formerly externally prescribed regulation into an internally- endorsed one. 
D) transform old interjects into new (improved)introjects. 
A) begins to see uninteresting activities as if they were now interesting ones. 
B) combines the three psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. 
C) transforms a formerly externally prescribed regulation into an internally- endorsed one. 
D) transform old interjects into new (improved)introjects.

Question 8

Define punishment and negative reinforcement. Explain how to distinguish between the two.

Accepted Answer

Punishment and negative reinforcement ar

Question 9

A(n) ___is an attractive environmental object that occurs at the end of a sequence of behaviors and acts to increase the probability that the behavior will recur.

Accepted Answer

A) consequence 
B) incentive 
C) need 
D) reward 
A) consequence 
B) incentive 
C) need 
D) reward

Question 10

From where does a person's high level of extrinsic motivation come?

Accepted Answer

A) environmental incentives, consequences, and rewards 
B) growth motivation 
C) internalized sources of motivation 
D) psychological need satisfaction 
A) environmental incentives, consequences, and rewards 
B) growth motivation 
C) internalized sources of motivation 
D) psychological need satisfaction

Question 11

According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard so the teacher won't yell at me."?

Accepted Answer

A) external regulation 
B) identified regulation 
C) intrinsic motivation 
D) introjected regulation 
A) external regulation 
B) identified regulation 
C) intrinsic motivation 
D) introjected regulation

Question 12

A teacher gives a child a time-out for teasing a classmate, and then the time-out succeeds in making the child's future teasing behavior less likely in the future. This example illustrates that the time-out acts as a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) incentive. 
B) negative reinforcer. 
C) positive reinforcer. 
D) punisher. 
A) incentive. 
B) negative reinforcer. 
C) positive reinforcer. 
D) punisher.

Question 13

In the Lepper et al.(1973) study in which children received good player awards for a drawing activity, in which experimental condition did children show the largest decrease in their later intrinsic motivation to draw?

Accepted Answer

A) children in the no-reward condition 
B) children in the expected reward condition 
C) children in the unexpected reward condition 
D) children who showed little or no intrinsic motivation at the start of the study 
A) children in the no-reward condition 
B) children in the expected reward condition 
C) children in the unexpected reward condition 
D) children who showed little or no intrinsic motivation at the start of the study

Question 14

According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard because my school work is an important and valuable thing to do."?

Accepted Answer

A) external regulation 
B) identified regulation 
C) intrinsic motivation 
D) introjected regulation 
A) external regulation 
B) identified regulation 
C) intrinsic motivation 
D) introjected regulation

Question 15

List any two hidden costs of rewards. Explain why extrinsic rewards produce these two hidden costs.

Accepted Answer

Two hidden costs of rewards are decrease

Question 16

Which of the following events increases the future probability of a behavior?

Accepted Answer

A) extinction 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) nonreinforcement 
D) punishment 
A) extinction 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) nonreinforcement 
D) punishment

Question 17

According to cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. What does it mean to say that an external event is controlling, and what does it mean to say that an external event is informational?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET), which

Question 18

Proponents of operant conditioning endorse the following conceptualization of behavior: S : R $\rightarrow$ C. What does the "C" stand for?

Accepted Answer

A) commitment 
B) compassionate care 
C) consequence 
D) control 
A) commitment 
B) compassionate care 
C) consequence 
D) control

Question 19

Which is the best characterization (description) of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) A person performs some action, and depending on what happens as a consequence of that action, the likelihood of that same behavior occurring again
Will either increase or decrease. 
B) Automatic responses become associated with new stimuli when they occur at the same time. 
C) Over time and with repeated experience, the person changes how to best understand a concept or problem. 
D) The person is exposed to a great deal of information, the person relates the new information to preexisting knowledge, and then organizes all the new information in a coherent way. 
A) A person performs some action, and depending on what happens as a consequence of that action, the likelihood of that same behavior occurring again
Will either increase or decrease. 
B) Automatic responses become associated with new stimuli when they occur at the same time. 
C) Over time and with repeated experience, the person changes how to best understand a concept or problem. 
D) The person is exposed to a great deal of information, the person relates the new information to preexisting knowledge, and then organizes all the new information in a coherent way.

Question 20

What causes amotivation?

Accepted Answer

Amotivation refers to a lack of motivati

Outline the typical experimental procedure to test the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

According to Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. To say that an external event is controlling means that it:

Which of the following is not an assumption of cognitive evaluation theory?

If a person uttered the following two quotes, what would be the most likely source of his or her amotivation:___ o "The task has no appeal or meaning to me." O "I am not interested in this task."

From where does a person's high level of intrinsic motivation come?

Which of the following sentences best captures the spirit of extrinsic motivation?

Internalization refers to the process through which an individual:

Define punishment and negative reinforcement. Explain how to distinguish between the two.

A(n) ___is an attractive environmental object that occurs at the end of a sequence of behaviors and acts to increase the probability that the behavior will recur.

From where does a person's high level of extrinsic motivation come?

According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard so the teacher won't yell at me."?

A teacher gives a child a time-out for teasing a classmate, and then the time-out succeeds in making the child's future teasing behavior less likely in the future. This example illustrates that the time-out acts as a(n):

In the Lepper et al.(1973) study in which children received good player awards for a drawing activity, in which experimental condition did children show the largest decrease in their later intrinsic motivation to draw?

According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard because my school work is an important and valuable thing to do."?

List any two hidden costs of rewards. Explain why extrinsic rewards produce these two hidden costs.

Which of the following events increases the future probability of a behavior?

According to cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. What does it mean to say that an external event is controlling, and what does it mean to say that an external event is informational?

Proponents of operant conditioning endorse the following conceptualization of behavior: S : R $\rightarrow$ C. What does the "C" stand for?

Which is the best characterization (description) of operant conditioning?

What causes amotivation?

Introduction

Motivation and Emotion in Historical Perspective

The Motivated and Emotional Brain

Physiological Needs

Psychological Needs

Implicit Motives

Goal Setting and Goal Striving

Mindsets

Personal Control Beliefs

The Self and Its Strivings

Nature of Emotion: Six Perennial Questions

Aspects of Emotion

Individual Emotions

Growth Motivation and Positive Psychology

Unconscious Motivation

Interventions

Filters

Exam 5: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations

Outline the typical experimental procedure to test the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation.

According to Deci and Ryan's cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. To say that an external event is controlling means that it:

Which of the following is not an assumption of cognitive evaluation theory?

If a person uttered the following two quotes, what would be the most likely source of his or her amotivation:___ o "The task has no appeal or meaning to me." O "I am not interested in this task."

From where does a person's high level of intrinsic motivation come?

Which of the following sentences best captures the spirit of extrinsic motivation?

Internalization refers to the process through which an individual:

Define punishment and negative reinforcement. Explain how to distinguish between the two.

A(n) ___is an attractive environmental object that occurs at the end of a sequence of behaviors and acts to increase the probability that the behavior will recur.

From where does a person's high level of extrinsic motivation come?

According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard so the teacher won't yell at me."?

A teacher gives a child a time-out for teasing a classmate, and then the time-out succeeds in making the child's future teasing behavior less likely in the future. This example illustrates that the time-out acts as a(n):

In the Lepper et al.(1973) study in which children received good player awards for a drawing activity, in which experimental condition did children show the largest decrease in their later intrinsic motivation to draw?

According to self-determination theory, what type of motivation explains the student's effort in school when the student says, "I try so hard because my school work is an important and valuable thing to do."?

List any two hidden costs of rewards. Explain why extrinsic rewards produce these two hidden costs.

Which of the following events increases the future probability of a behavior?

According to cognitive evaluation theory, all extrinsic events have two functional aspects: a controlling aspect and an informational aspect. What does it mean to say that an external event is controlling, and what does it mean to say that an external event is informational?

Proponents of operant conditioning endorse the following conceptualization of behavior: S : R →\rightarrow→ C. What does the "C" stand for?

Which is the best characterization (description) of operant conditioning?

What causes amotivation?

Introduction

Motivation and Emotion in Historical Perspective

The Motivated and Emotional Brain

Physiological Needs

Psychological Needs

Implicit Motives

Goal Setting and Goal Striving

Mindsets

Personal Control Beliefs

The Self and Its Strivings

Nature of Emotion: Six Perennial Questions

Aspects of Emotion

Individual Emotions

Growth Motivation and Positive Psychology

Unconscious Motivation

Interventions

Filters

Proponents of operant conditioning endorse the following conceptualization of behavior: S : R $\rightarrow$ C. What does the "C" stand for?